Geometry.Net - Basic

61. Acid Deposition And Precipitation
A general overview of acid rain and deposition, its causes and effects. The consequences of acid rain in Canada and British Columbia are outlined.
http://royal.okanagan.bc.ca/mpidwirn/atmosphereandclimate/acidprecip.html
Table of Contents
(a). Introduction
(b). Acid Deposition Formation
(c). Effects of Acid Deposition
(d). Acid Deposition in Canada and British Columbia
(e). Solutions
(a). Introduction
Acidic pollutants can be deposited from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface in wet and dry forms. The common term to describe this process is acid deposition . The term acid precipitation is used to specifically describe wet forms of acid pollution that can be found in rain, sleet, snow, fog, and cloud vapor. An acid can be defined as any substance that when dissolved in water dissociates to yield corrosive hydrogen ions. The acidity of substances dissolved in water is commonly measured in terms of pH (defined as the negative logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions). According to this measurement scale solutions with pHs less than 7 are described as being acidic , while a pH greater than 7.0 is considered alkaline . Precipitation normally has a pH between 5.0 to 5.6 because of natural atmospheric reactions involving carbon dioxide. Precipitation is considered to be acidic when its pH falls below 5.6 (which is 25 times more acidic than pure water). Some sites in eastern North America have precipitation with pHs as low as 2.3 or about 1000 times more acidic than natural.
Acid deposition is not a recent phenomena. In the 17th century, scientists noted the ill effects that industry and acidic pollution was having on vegetation and people. However, the term

62. D's Domain
Site devoted to the education of environmental issues including global warming, acid rain, and overpopulation.
http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Watershed/4345

63. Water Pollution
acid rain. acid rain. The biggest source of the acid rain chemicals that pollute the atmosphere is the burning of fossil fuels.
http://www.zephryus.demon.co.uk/geography/resources/environ/acid.html
Acid Rain
Acid rain All rain is slightly acidic, but the term Acid Rain is used to describe rain that has mixed with a range of industrial pollutants and become far more acidic that it could normally become. Air borne pollutants such as sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and assorted hydrocarbons react in the air with sunlight and water to form nitric acid, sulphuric acid and assorted other mineral acids and ammonium salts.
The resultant acidic water can be carried thousands of miles by the wind before it falls to earth as rain, snow, fog or as dry particles which settle out due to gravity. The biggest source of the 'acid rain' chemicals that pollute the atmosphere is the burning of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels were created from organic ( animal and plant ) material that died millions of years ago. The original material was full of carbon, and it's decay created sulphur, so the coal, oil and gas we burn today are rich in hydrocarbons and sulphur. We burn these fuels in power stations to make electricity, in factories and oil refineries to make plastics and similar products, and in our vehicles which produce huge amounts of nitrogen and carbon gasses.

64. EPA - Teachers - Water Curriculum Resources
Materials for teachers from the EPA. Covers acid rain, hazardous waste, pollution, ground water, drinking water, and wetlands. Includes links to various activities for children from other EPA sites.
http://www.epa.gov/teachers/curriculumwater.htm
Teaching Center Contact Us Print Version Search: EPA Home Teachers Curriculum Curriculum Resources ... A to Z Index
Water Curriculum Resources
see also Water Background Information Center for Global Environmental Education Watershed Plan
The Watershed Action Site offers one stop help in planning and organizing service-learning projects to prevent water pollution in your watershed. Within this site you can access everything from scientific background information or curricula to local experts or stencils for painting storm drain signs.
cgee.hamline.edu/watershed/action/projects Educating Young People About Water
Want to educate kids about water? These free materials from University of Wisconsin Stevens Point, Environmental Resources Center can provide you with the information you need to get started.
www.uwex.edu/erc/eypaw/ Ocean Science Education Teacher Resource Center
This site links by topic to a large collection of environmental web sites which contain lesson plans and class activities. Down the Drain
How much water do you use every day in your home? Introduces students to the topic of water use, and to data gathering and analysis. From the Center for Improved Engineering and Science Education (CIESE).

65. Lesson Plan - Acid Rain: An Air Pollutant
acid rain An Air Pollutant. Purpose Objective Students will learn how acid rain is an air pollution problem. Focus Show a picture of a defaced statue.
http://www.tnrcc.state.tx.us/air/monops/lessons/acidrainlesson.html
See Also:
Small Business and Environmental Assistance Education K-12 Air Lesson Plans Waste Lesson Plans ... TES 1999 Lesson Plans
Acid Rain: An Air Pollutant
Purpose:
To demonstrate the effect of acid on statues and buildings
Grade Level:
5th grade
Essential Elements:
Environmental Essential Elements Across the Curriculum - 75.25 (2) Acquire data through the senses. The student shall be given opportunities to (B) observe properties and patterns of objects, organisms and events in the environment. (4) Communicate data and information in appropriate oral and written form. The student shall be given opportunities to (B) describe objects, organisms and events from the environment, (D) describe changes that occur to objects and organisms in the environment.
Objective:
Students will learn how acid rain is an air pollution problem.
Focus:
Show a picture of a defaced statue.
Materials:
chalk, vinegar and glasses for each group
Background:
Acid rain is more acidic than normal rain and forms through a complex process of chemical reactions involving air pollution. The two most important pollutants that contribute to the formation of acid rain are oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide, which react with moisture in the atmosphere to form nitric and sulfuric acid. The sulfur and nitrogen compounds that contribute to acid rain primarily come from manmade sources, such as industries and utilities. Emissions also come from automobiles and other forms of transportation and industrial processes, such as smelting. Acid rain can harm forests and crops, damage bodies of water, and contribute to the damage of statues and buildings. Researchers are considering the possible effects of acid rain on human heath. These acidic pollutants can be deposited through rain, snow, fog, dew, or sleet. Large quantities can also be deposited in a dry form through dust.

66. MSI - WATER CYCLE STUDENT ACTIVITY
Shows how to create a biosphere in a bottle to discover how precipitation occurs and what acid rain does to the environment.
http://www.msichicago.org/ed/env/envsample.html
Water Cycle
Background: All of the earth's water goes through a cycle in which the water changes its location or physical state through different processes. In accordance with the law of conservation of matter, water is not created or destroyedQit just changes form. Water can be found in all three states of matter during the cycle: solid (ice caps), liquid (lakes) and gas (water vapor). There are five processes by which water moves through the cycle. Water in oceans and lakes evaporates into the air. Cool air in the atmosphere causes this water vapor to condense into a cloud. Precipitation from the cloud falls to the ground as rain, sleet or snow. The water on the ground percolates through the soil and some of it is absorbed by plants. As the plants go through photosynthesis (converting sunlight, water and carbon dioxide for their own food), they absorb water from the soil and release some of it back into the air through transpiration. These patterns of change can vary, but the cycle occurs continuously. Water has been cycling by means of these processes since time began.
SET-UP
Remove labels from your bottles by filling them with very warm water to warm the label glue.

67. Lesson Plan - Acid Rain Information And Activities
acid rain Information, Activities and Data. acid rain can harm forests and crops, damage bodies of water, and contribute to the damage of statues and buildings.
http://www.tnrcc.state.tx.us/air/monops/lessons/acidraininfo.html
See Also:
Small Business and Environmental Assistance Education K-12 Air Lesson Plans Waste Lesson Plans ... TES 1999 Lesson Plans
Acid Rain Information, Activities and Data
Background
Acid rain is more acidic than normal rain and forms through a complex process of chemical reactions involving air pollution. The two most important pollutants that contribute to the formation of acid rain are oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide, which react with moisture in the atmosphere to form nitric and sulfuric acid. The sulfur and nitrogen compounds that contribute to acid rain primarily come from manmade sources, such as industries and utilities. Emissions also come from automobiles and other forms of transportation and industrial processes, such as smelting. Acid rain can harm forests and crops, damage bodies of water, and contribute to the damage of statues and buildings. Researchers are considering the possible effects of acid rain on human heath. These acidic pollutants can be deposited through rain, snow, fog, dew, or sleet. Large quantities can also be deposited in a dry form through dust. Pollutants that contribute to acid rain may be carried hundreds of miles before being deposited on the earth. Because of this, it is sometimes difficult to determine the specific sources of these acid rain pollutants.

68. Acid-Rain.net
acid rain Threatens Forests In More Ways Than Previously Thought Ruling deals a blow to state s efforts to reduce acid rain in Adirondacks.
http://www.acid-rain.net/
EcoHumane Health People Phenomena ...
Acid Rain Threatens Forests In More Ways Than Previously Thought
Ban On Pollution Credit Swaps Voided Ruling deals a blow to state's efforts to reduce acid rain in Adirondacks by Dina Cappiello, April 10, 2002
A state law that penalized New York power plants for trading pollution credits to 14 other states was voided by a federal judge on Tuesday, removing a key part of the state's strategy to reduce acid rain in the Adirondacks. U.S. District Court Judge David N. Hurd in Utica ruled that the 2000 Air Pollution Mitigation Law was unconstitutional and conflicted with the federal Clean Air Act by restructuring the nationwide trading system whereby tons of sulfur dioxide emissions, or credits, are swapped freely between states.

69. CNN.com - Acid Rain Still Endangers Adirondacks - April 19, 2000
CNN
http://www.cnn.com/2000/NATURE/04/19/acid.rain.adirondacks/index.html
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Acid rain still endangers Adirondacks
Levels of some acid rain pollutants are on the rise in New York State, despite air-protection laws passed a decade ago

70. Environmental Issues Site - Information About Environmental Issues
EFFECTS OF acid rain ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMSEFFECTS OF acid rain ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS. The acid rain not only kills off species, but also alters and decreases the food supply for higher fauna.
http://environment.about.com/cs/acidrain3/
zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Environmental Issues Home Essentials ... Glossary zau(256,152,180,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Activism Climate Change Energy Sources Election 2004 ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb);
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Bush and Kerry are Worlds Apart
According to this article in the El Paso Times , John Kerry and George Bush are more polarized on the environment than on any other issue.
Thursday June 03, 2004 U.S. Army Issues New Order Restoring Environmental Funding
On May 27, 2004, Public Employees for Environmental Responsiblity (PEER) released information that Army bases around the U.S. were being told to reduce anti-pollution and wildfire protection spending. Less than one day later, the Army issued a new order restoring environmental funding. Read more...
Tuesday June 01, 2004
Dear EarthTalk For 05/30/04
A Weekly Column from the Editors of E/The Environmental Magazine.
This Week's Questions
Dear EarthTalk:How can I reduce the number and amount of toxins my new baby is exposed to?

71. EPA Closes Acid Rain Cloud Monitoring Sites
CNN
http://cnn.com/2000/NATURE/05/29/acidrain.ap/index.html

72. EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN ON TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS
EFFECTS OF acid rain ON TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS. The effects of acid rain on soil is dependent on the behaviour of ions in the soil.
http://www.scar.utoronto.ca/~weather/maryp/Effects/terrest.html
EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN ON TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS
The thirsty earth soaks up the rain, And drinks, and gapes for drink again. The plants such in the earth and are With constant drinking fresh and fair.
Abraham Cowley from Drinking
Effects on Soil
It was argued by early acid rain researchers that forests in Canada and northeastern U.S.A. are on acidic soils and therefore acid rain makes no difference to the forests. However, we now know this is not true. The effects of acid rain on soil is dependent on the behaviour of ions in the soil. Most of the ions of interest are cations such as Ca and Mg in addition to the cation H . These ions are the nutrients needed by plants. There are also toxic ions such as aluminum, lead, mercury, cadium and other metal ions. These ions are usually not free to migrate in the soil because they are bound to the negatively charged surface of immobile soil particles. These particles are negative because of the silicates on the surface of clays and the organic acids on particles of organic matter. The cation-exchange capacity is the ability of the soil to bind to the positively charged ions but acid rain depletes this capacity. Acid rain is able to mobilize these ions from the soil in two ways:
The H+ ion in the acidic water displaces the other positive ions from their binding sites and increases the concentration of these ions in the soil water. When the soil particles are no longer able to bind anymore H+ ions, the concentration of H+ also increases in the soil water.

73. Acid Rain
The summary for this Japanese page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set.
http://www.geocities.co.jp/Bookend-Hemingway/7902/
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74. State Of The Environment Norway - Acid Rain
GRIDArendal State of the Environment Norway - acid rain. acid rain What is acid rain? Photo Mark Harris, USA. Consequences of acid rain.
http://www.grida.no/soeno95/acidrain/acidrain.htm
GRID-Arendal: State of the Environment Norway - Acid rain
Acid rain:
What is acid rain?
Photo: Mark Harris, USA Acid rain is precipitation that has been polluted by emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and/or oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the atmosphere. In the atmosphere, these oxides react with water vapour and form sulphuric acid and nitric acid. The components subsequently fall down to the earth in the form of rain or snow, or as dry depositions as SO2, sulphuric or nitrogen salts. SO2 and NOx can be naturally found in the atmosphere. Industrialisation has however, led to a dramatic increase of these substances. The sources are basically the burning of fossil fuel: coal, oil and gas. The major part of this combustion comes from coal-fuelled powerplants, road traffic, ships and metallurgic or ferro-alloy industry. In Norway, most of the acid precipitation comes from emissions of SO2 and NOx in Great Britain, Central Europe and Russia.
Consequences of acid rain
adverse effects on life in fresh water
damages to vegetation
corrosive damages to buildings
Washing out of minerals from the ground

[ Indicators: Emissions of SO2 and NOx Depositions and effects Social response
Back to list of indicators Links: EcoNet's acid rain resources Note: this is the edition of State of the Environment Norway . A 1997 edition is also available.

75. GRID-Arendal Maps & Graphics Database:
Title acid rain in Europe. Source(s) Ed. Hatier, Paris, 1993,, Cartography Philippe Rekacewicz. Project European Atlas of Environment and Health,
http://www.grida.no/db/maps/prod/level3/id_1177.htm
Quick Search:
Categories: Europe Pollution Acidification Title: Acid rain in Europe Source(s): Ed. Hatier, Paris, 1993,
Cartography: Philippe Rekacewicz Project: European Atlas of Environment and Health Date of creation: Jan 98 Permission is granted to copy and use the bitmap image shown here for non-commercial use, provided that UNEP GRID-Arendal and the source listed above, if any, are properly acknowledged as the originators. Information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable to provide the best available information. However, its accuracy and completeness, and the opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. As every effort is made to provide accurate information in this database, UNEP/GRID-Arendal would appreciate if users of this data will call to our attention any errors by communicating with UNEP/GRID-Arendal (Email: grid . By post: GRID-Arendal, Service Box 706, N-4808 Arendal, Norway). High-quality version is available If you would like to include this image in a commercial product or require a high-quality image suitable for publication, please fill in our request form to request a copy of the file in FH7 - Macromedia Freehand format.

76. EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
Short primer, from University of Toronto.
http://www.scar.utoronto.ca/~weather/maryp/Effects/fish.html
EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
A lake is the landscape's most beautiful and expressive feature. It is earth's eye: looking into which the beholder measures the depth of his own nature.
Henry David Thoreau The most dramatic reports of acid rain damages in the early 70s, were those of Ontario lakes having irreversible fish losses. Dead fish were washing up along the beaches, and the term "wet desert" was being used to describe the clear, blue, fishless lakes. Ontario now has over 100 fishless acidified lakes. Species such as lake trout (see top) , wall-eye, burbot and smallmouth bass have disappeared from most of these lakes. Starting in 1981, 202 lakes were monitored in Ontario, Quebec and the Atlantic Provinces, and in 1994, 33% showed some improvement in acidity while 11% were worse. The remaining 56% had stable acidity levels. Ontario lakes are especially sensitive to acid rain because of the hard bedrock of the Canadian Shield (an ancient sheet of Precambrian granite) and the poor soil cover which has poor buffering ability. It was first believed that the fish deaths were caused by the acids themselves, however, research has since shown that the high levels of aluminum (a toxic heavy metal) that were leached from the soil, was the real cause of the deaths. Aluminum can be acutely toxic to fish at pH levels that are not normally considered toxic to humans. A concentration as low as 6.2mg/L is known to kill fish.

77. Spring Acid Rain Watch Home
The culprit? acid rain. Where does it come from? Spring acid rain Watch a model of scientific inquiry . This 2 page article encapsulates the project.
http://www.qesn.meq.gouv.qc.ca/cc/acidrain/
Lakes are crystal clear but dead. Sugar maples are dying. Frog species are becoming extinct. The culprit? Acid Rain. Where does it come from? How is it formed? Are we humans responsible for this problem ? Join us in this project in which schools across the province/country/world try to find an experimental answer to this problem-question by collecting precipation samples, by testing for acid rain deposition and by exchanging results for analysis. A Learn-by-Doing Project on the QESN , in which teachers can count on the help of the co-ordinator to learn the skills they need while implementing the project with their class. " Spring Acid Rain Watch: a model of scientific inquiry ". This 2 page article encapsulates the project. This project is available in French on the Web Site Prof-Inet Alerte aux pluies acides Spring Acid Rain Watch Project Co-ordinators:
Bob Colvil
knowlton@citenet.net

78. EMAN / RESE
Covering everything from turtles to acid rain. Dated summer 1995.
http://www.cciw.ca/eman-temp/reports/newsletters/kejimkujik/news_intro.html

Important Notices Avis importants
Important Notices Avis importants

79. Acid Rain
pollution. HOW acid rain IS FORMED. acid rain is caused by the release of the gases SO2 (sulphur dioxide) and NOX (nitrous oxides). The
http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/Envfacts/facts/acidrain.htm
WHAT ARE ACIDS? There are many different kinds of acids. The proteins in our food, and in our bodies, are made up of amino acids. Motor cars start because of the sulphuric acid in their batteries. Swimming pools need hydrochloric acid, commonly known as `pool acid'. Some acids are weak, e.g acetic acid (vinegar) and lemon juice. They are not harmful and are used in preparing our food. Othershowever, such as sulphuric acid (battery acid) are strong and can burn holes in our clothes. WHAT SHOULD RAIN BE LIKE? The only place on earth where pure water is found is in a laboratory. Rain water always contains small amounts of impurities. These impurities come from dust particles or are absorbed from the gases in the air. If pure water is exposed to the air it absorbs carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid and becomes slightly acidic, dropping from pH 7 i.e. neutral, to pH 5,6. Even in remote, unpopulated areas rain can reach a pH of 4,5. However, a pH of less than 4,5 in rain is almost certainly caused by pollution. HOW ACID RAIN IS FORMED Acid rain is caused by the release of the gases SO2 (sulphur dioxide) and NOX (nitrous oxides). The main sources of SO2 in South Africa are coal-fired power stations and metal working industries. The main sources of NOX emissions are vehicles and fuel combustion.

80. Newton's Apple: Teacher's Guides
Peggy travels to the Wolf Ridge Environmental Learning Center to learn about acid rain. Teacher s Guides Index acid rain. What causes acid rain?
http://www.ktca.org/newtons/9/acdrain.html
Peggy travels
to the
Wolf Ridge
Environmental
Learning Center
to learn about
acid rain. Teacher's Guides Index
ACID RAIN
What causes acid rain?
How does acid rain damage the environment?
Is acid rain harmful to people?
How does the acid get in the rain?
Is there any way to stop the damage it causes?
DISCUSSION Acid rain is considered by many people to be one of the most serious environmental problems of our time. It is a global problem that is gradually affecting our world. The term acid rain was coined by Angus Smith when he wrote about industrial pollution in England. Some rain is naturally acidic because of the carbon dioxide (CO2) in air that dissolves with rain water and forms a weak acid. This kind of acid in rain is actually beneficial because it helps dissolves minerals in the soil that both plants and animals need.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

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Table of Contents (a). Introduction (b). Acid Deposition Formation (c). Effects of Acid Deposition (d). Acid Deposition in Canada and British Columbia (e). Solutions (a). Introduction

Acid Rain

Water Curriculum Resources

Acid Rain: An Air Pollutant

Purpose:

Grade Level:

Essential Elements:

Objective:

Focus:

Materials:

Background:

Water Cycle

SET-UP

Acid Rain Information, Activities and Data

Background

Acid rain still endangers Adirondacks

Stay Current

EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN ON TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS

Effects on Soil

Acid rain:

What is acid rain?

Consequences of acid rain

EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS

ACID RAIN

Table of Contents
(a). Introduction
(b). Acid Deposition Formation
(c). Effects of Acid Deposition
(d). Acid Deposition in Canada and British Columbia
(e). Solutions
(a). Introduction