1. Ancient History Sourcebook: Polybius: The Character Of Hannibal Ancient History Sourcebook polybius (c.200after 118 BCE) The Character of Hannibal. . Source From polybius, The Histories of polybius, 2 Vols., trans. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/polybius-hannibal.html

Back to Ancient History Sourcebook Ancient History Sourcebook: Polybius (c.200-after 118 BCE) The Character of Hannibal The Histories , Book IX, Chapters 22-26: Of all that befell the Romans and Carthaginians, good or bad, the cause was one man and one mind-Hannibal. For it is notorious that he managed the Italian campaigns in person, and the Spanish by the agency of the elder of his brothers, Hasdrubal, and subsequently by that of Mago, the leaders who killed the two Roman generals in Spain about the same time. Again, he conducted the Sicilian campaign first through Hippocrates and afterwards through Myttonus the Libyan. So also in Greece and Illyria: and, by brandishing before their faces the dangers arising from these latter places, he was enabled to distract the attention of the Romans thanks to his understanding with King Philip [Philip V, King of Macedon]. So great and wonderful is the influence of a Man, and a mind duly fitted by original constitution for any undertaking within the reach of human powers. But since the position of affairs has brought us to inquiry into the genius of Hannibal, the occasion seems to me to demand that I should explain in regard to him the peculiarities of his character which have been especially the subject of controversy. Some regard him as having been extraordinarily cruel, some exceedingly grasping of money. But to speak the truth of him, or of any person engaged in public affairs, is not easy. Some maintain that men's natures are brought out by their circumstances, and that they are detected when in office, or as some say when in misfortunes, though they have up to that time completely maintained their secrecy. 1, on the contrary, do not regard this as a sound dictum. For I think that men in these circumstances are compelled, not occasionally but frequently, either by the suggestions of friends or the complexity of affairs, to speak and act contrary to real principles.

2. Ancient History Sourcebook: Polybius : Rome At The End Of The Punic Wars [Histor Back to Ancient History Sourcebook . Ancient History Sourcebook polybius (c.200after 118 BCE) Rome at the End of the Punic Wars History, Book 6. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/polybius6.html

Back to Ancient History Sourcebook Ancient History Sourcebook: Polybius (c.200-after 118 BCE) Rome at the End of the Punic Wars History , Book 6] [Thatcher Introduction]: ROME, with the end of the third Punic war, 146 B. C., had completely conquered the last of the civilized world. The best authority for this period of her history is Polybius. He was born in Arcadia, in 204 B. C., and died in 122 B. C. Polybius was an officer of the Achaean League, which sought by federating the Peloponnesus to make it strong enough to keep its independence against the Romans, but Rome was already too strong to be resisted, and arresting a thousand of the most influential members, sent them to Italy to await trial for conspiracy. Polybius had the good fortune, during seventeen years exile, to be allowed to live with the Scipios. He was present at the destructions of Carthage and Corinth, in 146 B. C., and did more than anyone else to get the Greeks to accept the inevitable Roman rule. Polybius is the most reliable, but not the most brilliant, of ancient historians. An Analysis of the Roman Government Rome And Carthage Compared An Analysis of the Roman Government In all these things that have now been mentioned, the people has no share. To those, therefore, who come to reside in Rome during the absence of the consuls, the government appears to be purely aristocratic. Many of the Greeks, especially, and of the foreign princes, are easily led into this persuasion: when they perceive that almost all the affairs, which they are forced to negotiate with the Romans, are determined by the senate.

3. Polybius And The Founding Fathers: The Separation Of Powers polybius' influence on the Founding Fathers and separation of powers in the United States Constitution. http://www.sms.org/mdl-indx/polybius/intro.htm

4. Siege Of Syracuse (Polybius) Archimedes Home Page. This section . . . Introduction. polybius. Livy. Plutarch. Dio Cassius. UNIVERSALHISTORY. by polybius ( c. 200118 BC) http://www.mcs.drexel.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Siege/Polybius.html

P O L Y B I U S Back to . . . Archimedes Home Page This section . . . Introduction Polybius Livy Plutarch Dio Cassius U NIVERSAL H ISTORY by Polybius (c. 200-118 BC BOOK VIII T he strength of the defences of Syracuse is due to the fact that the city wall extends in a circle along high ground with steeply overhanging crags, which are by no means easy to climb, except at certain definite points, even if the approach is uncontested. Accordingly Archimedes had constructed the defences of the city in such a wayboth on the landward side and to repel any attack from the seathat there was no need for the defenders to busy themselves with improvisations; instead they would have everything ready to hand, and could respond to any attack by the enemy with a counter-move. For his part Appius Claudius Pulcher, who was equipped with penthouses and scaling-ladders, brought these into operation to attack the part of the wall which adjoins the Hexapyli gate to the east. Meanwhile Marcellus was attacking the quarter of Arcradina from the sea with sixty quinqueremes, each vessel being filled with archers, slingers and javelin-throwers, whose task was to drive the defenders from the battlements. Besides these vessels he had eight quinqueremes grouped in pairs. Each pair had had half of their oars removed, the starboard bank for the one and the port for the other, and on these sides the vessels were lashed together. They were then rowed by the remaining oars of their outer sides, and brought up to the walls the siege engines known as

5. Polybius Extracts from polybius polybius (c.203122 BCE) was born in Megalopolis, Arcadia, a Greek city that was an active member at one time leader. polybius advanced politically in the League and reached http://www.humanistictexts.org/polybius.htm

Click Up For Period Summary Contents Introduction The Roman Conquest The Importance of a Constitution The Cycle of Six Forms of Government ... Source Introduction Polybius (c.203-122 BCE) was born in Megalopolis, Arcadia, a Greek city that was an active member of the Achaean League, of which his father, Lycortas, was at one time leader. Polybius advanced politically in the League and reached a position from which he, too, could have become its leader. However, after the Romans conquered Macedonia, they stabilized their control of the area by purging Greek cities of their leaders. One thousand of the principal Achaeans were deported to Italy. Polybius was fortunate in that L. Aemilius Paulus interceded for him and made him tutor of his sons Scipio and Fabius in Rome. A friendship developed that led Scipio to take Polybius with him as an advisor on political and military matters. Polybius was thus able to move in the highest circles in Rome and to witness major Roman military campaigns in the Mediterranean region. This gave him a unique opportunity as a Greek to analyze the successful expansion of Rome and to record the principles involved as a lesson for future statesmen, notably those in Greece, who he hoped would profit from his work. Polybius’s analysis is contained in his Histories—forty volumes describing the constitution of Rome and the sequence of Roman conquests. It has a strong political slant and represents an early attempt of a universal history rather than the history of a single people. Polybius set out to show how many different regions were merged by the Romans into a single whole.

6. POLYBIUS polybius. c.201 c.122 BC. Greek Historian. polybius is considered the greatest ancient historian after Thucydides. His work illuminated the rise of Rome and the history of the Mediterranean world . http://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/people_n2/persons2_n2/polybius.html

POLYBIUS c.201 - c.122 BC Greek Historian Polybius is considered the greatest ancient historian after Thucydides. His work illuminated the rise of Rome and the history of the Mediterranean world. Polybius was born in Arcadia, Greece. After Rome conquered Macedonia in 168 BC, he was taken as a prisoner to Rome. He helped later Greece obtain favorable terms in a treaty with the Romans. www link : Polybius : Analysis Rome at the End of the Punic Wars

7. Polybius --  Encyclopædia Britannica MLA style " polybius." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2004. Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. APA style polybius. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 18, 2004, from http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=62223

8. LacusCurtius • Polybius' Histories polybius The Histories. The Author, the Manuscripts. As with most ancient very summarily. The Text of polybius on LacusCurtius. As always http://www.ukans.edu/history/index/europe/ancient_rome/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/ho

mail: Bill Thayer Italiano Help Up Home Polybius: The Histories The Author, the Manuscripts As with most ancient authors, not that much is known of Polybius, and the Loeb edition's introductory material , by H. J. Edwards, is about as good as one can get. The principal manuscripts of the Histories are also treated there; but only very summarily. The Text of Polybius on LacusCurtius As always, I retyped the text rather than scanning it: not only to minimize errors prior to proofing, but as an opportunity for me to become intimately familiar with the work, an exercise which I heartily recommend. (Well-meaning attempts to get me to scan text, if successful, would merely turn me into some kind of machine: gambit declined.) I ran a first proofing pass immediately after entering each book, so that the text of all the books is quite good already . I've now started final proofing: in the table of contents below, books whose text I believe to be completely errorfree are shown on blue backgrounds There is currently (May 03) no Greek text of Polybius online. I have no intention whatsoever of doing it myself, having had my bath of Greek with my transcription of

9. Polybius (1981) At Coinop.org, THE Arcade Game Resource browse games ·. browse kb ·. features ·. coinop.org is arcade video games. polybius. Released in 1981. ArcadeHardware Unique or Unknown- Rated 71 times. Average rating 3.28 out of 5. info about it Display? Unknown? Orientation? Unknown? just downloaded the so called "polybius" game from http//modernprimitiveradio.com/files/ misc/polybius.zip. I can't say for http://www.coinop.org/g.aspx/103223/Polybius.html

search home browse games browse kb features · coinop.org is arcade video games. Polybius Released in 1981 ArcadeHardware: -Unique or Unknown- Rated 71 times. Average rating: 3.28 out of 5. info about it: Display: ?Unknown? Orientation: ?Unknown? Resolution: ?Unknown? x ?Unknown? Colors: ?Unknown? Color Info: ?Unknown? genre: Abstract attributes: Puzzle controls: [no data] X-Arcade Controller Read our review or Buy it now Need Fast Internet? First 3 months $19.95 Discounted long distance mobile/pcs and many other services also available Game Summary We need information. Game Details This game had a very limited release, one or two backwater arcades in a suburb of Portland. The history of this game is cloudy, there were all kinds of strange stories about how kids who played it got amnesia afterwards, couldn't remember their name or where they lived, etc. The bizarre rumors about this game are that it was supposedly developed by some kind of weird military tech offshoot group, used some kind of proprietary behavior modification algorithms developed for the CIA or something, kids who played it woke up at night screaming, having horrible nightmares.

10. Polybius • Histories — Book 6 An English translation; part of a complete English translation of polybius, in turn part of a site containing a number of Greek and Latin texts, translations http://www.ukans.edu/history/index/europe/ancient_rome/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/6*

mail: Bill Thayer Italiano Help Up Home Book V This webpage reproduces a Book of The Histories of Polybius published in the Loeb Classical Library, 1922 thru 1927 the text of which is in the public domain. This text has not yet been proofread. If you find a mistake though, please let me know! Book VII Polybius The Histories Fragments of Book VI I. F ROM THE P REFACE I am aware that some will wonder why I have deferred until the present occasion my account of the Roman constitution, thus being obliged to interrupt the due course of my narrative. Now, that I have always regarded this account as one of the essential parts of my whole design, I have, I am sure, made evident in mus passages and chiefly in the prefatory remarks dealing with the fundamental principles of this history, where I said that the best and most valuable result I aim at is that readers of my work may gain a knowledge how it was and by virtue of what peculiar political institutions that in less than in fifty-three years nearly the whole world was overcome and fell under the single dominion of Rome, a thing the like of which had never happened before. Having made up my mind to deal with the matter, I found no occasion more suitable than the present for turning my attention to the constitution and testing the truth of what I am about to say on the subject.

11. Siege Of Syracuse Describes the role of Archimedes and other key figures in the siege of Syracuse during the Second Punic War, as well as accounts by polybius, Livy, and Plutarch. http://www.mcs.drexel.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Siege/Summary.html

I N T R O D U C T I O N Back to . . . Archimedes Home Page This section . . . Introduction Polybius Livy Plutarch Dio Cassius Hiero II BC Hannibal(?) (247-183? BC Hieronymos BC Marcellus (268-208 BC Archimedes (287?-212 BC ) planning the defenses of Syracuse A t the beginning of the third century BC , the Mediterranean basin was controlled by the Carthaginians in the west and the Greeks in the east. The Romans controlled only a small area around Rome, but were poised to march. They locked horns with Carthage in the First Punic War (264-241 BC ), during which they greatly expanded their territory, although they did not capture the city of Carthage itself. The Greek city of Syracuse, where Archimedes lived, initially supported Carthage. But early in the war Rome forced a treaty of alliance from Syracuse's king, Hiero II , that called for Syracuse to pay tribute and provide grain to the Romans. T he Romans and Carthaginians renewed their antagonisms in 218 BC , the beginning of the Second Punic War. Under Hannibal, Carthage gained the first round of victories, culminating in Hannibal's crossing of the Alps into Italy (218 BC ) and his defeat of the Romans at Cannae (216 BC ). Hannibal's successes in Italy helped convince many Syracusans that they were allied with the wrong side.

12. Polybius And The Founding Fathers: The Separation Of Powers polybius' influence on the Founding Fathers and separation of powers or so ago, she first introduced our class to the Greek historian polybius and the wonders of anacyclosis. We bemoaned the fact http://www.sms-va.com/mdl-indx/polybius/intro.htm

13. Polybius polybius (Polybios) c. 200118 BC. polybius had fared better than most of the leaders and intellectuals that Rome had taken from Achaea. http://www.barca.fsnet.co.uk/polybius.htm

Polybius (Polybios) c. 200-118 BC There can surely be nobody so petty or so apathetic in his outlook that he has no desire to discover by what means and under what system of government the Romans succeeded in less than fifty-three years (for him it was the period from 220, just before the outbreak of the Second Punic War, to 167, the conclusion of the Third Macedonian War against Perseus) in bringing under their rule almost the whole of the inhabited world, an achievement which is without parallel in human history. Polybius had fared better than most of the leaders and intellectuals that Rome had taken from Achaea . While a prisoner, he met the head of one of Rome's great families, Scipio Aemilianus . Scipio found Polybius good company and exchanged books with him. He took Polybius with him on military campaigns, and he introduced Polybius to Rome's high society. Polybius remained in Rome after the other captives returned to Greece, and Scipio became his patron while he attempted to write the history of Rome to 146 BCE a work that happened to be compatible with the views of his patrons. Polybius accompanied Scipio to Carthage and witnessed its destruction in the Third Punic War . Polybius covers the history of the Second Punic was as well, relying on information available to him in Roman records. Polybius is one of the most important early historians.

14. Crete An outlined history of Ancient Crete with historical comments on the character of the people, including excerpts from the works of polybius. http://64.226.87.51/topics/crete.html

Crete Basic features of Cretan History and Reports on the Character of the People, in Support of the Study of the Epistle to Titus Crete is an island which forms a southern boundary to the Aegean Sea, and lies southeast of Greece. Crete is 156 miles long, seven to thirty-five miles wide, and 3,189 square miles in area. It is the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and Corsica), and is on the spine of an undersea mountain range thought to have formed at one time a land bridge between the Greek Peloponnesian peninsula and southern Turkey. In ancient times, Crete was the main stepping stone (by sea) between Greece and Africa, and between Asia Minor and Africa. The Philistines may have migrated to Palestine from Greece, having been located on Crete for a time in the ancient past. Crete is centrally located, but very little was known of its history prior to the Greek period. It was not until the archaeological expeditions of Sir Arthur Evans in the late 19th Century that the facts of ancient Cretan history became known. Evans was an out-of-work millionaire in England, so he took a position as the curator of the Ashmolean Museum of Oxford University in Oxford, England. He was an avid amateur archaeologist, but he was to achieve a reputation which placed him among the most professional. Evans was also a numismatist, and he heard about some very interesting signet rings which had supposedly been left on the island of Crete by some ancient Egyptians. Taking an extended vacation from the museum, he sailed his personal yacht to Crete in 1894. He arrived in the harbor at Knossos in that year, and he began an archaeological dig at a place nearby called the Kephala site. On the very first day of digging, he uncovered the top of a bronze age palace. He knew that he had found something, but the property didn't belong to him; so he covered up the hole and began negotiations with the Greek government on Crete to purchase the site.

15. Battle Of Saguntum: Polybius And Livy Battle of Saguntum Comparison of polybius and Livy. In this comparison, polybius is a foreign writer living in Rome while writing about it. http://www.barca.fsnet.co.uk/saguntum-polybius-livy.htm

Battle of Saguntum: Comparison of Polybius and Livy The battle of Saguntum as told by Polybius and Livy gives two separate accounts of the same battle and the events leading up to it. The most significant force shaping these two authors is most likely the nationalities of the two men. The differences in the styles and facts between these two stories are extensive. While neither side fully identifies with Carthage, one author definitely gives a more well rounded and evenly balanced account. The two histories differ not only in facts about the battle, but also in the events leading up to the battle as well as how Hannibal is depicted. The nationality of a writer in reference to the country he/she is examining, is the key to understanding the point of view from which a story is told. In this comparison, Polybius is a foreign writer living in Rome while writing about it. Polybius being born a Greek allows him to step outside the nationalism of Rome and view the battle of Saguntum in a more unbiased form. Livy, a Roman born and breed, takes a more national outlook on the events at Saguntum. His views express a more opinionated and biased tone. Livy also wrote almost 200 years after the battle, during the height of the Roman Empire. This period was subject to extreme nationalism in literature. This movement must also account for the numerous pro-Roman themes in Livy account and other works of the time such as Virgil's Aeneid. With these attributes now stated, a more in-depth analysis of these works can commence. To begin, a comparison of the most principle character must take place. Hannibal is the most decorated general ever to grace a Carthage battlefield. The way he is depict by the two authors is key in understanding their stances on the events of Saguntum.

16. Polybius And The Founding Fathers: The Separation Of Powers polybius and the Founding Fathers the separation of powers 1999 Donald E. Glover Award, outstanding final project. 32. James Madison also knew polybius’ work. http://www.sms.org/mdl-indx/polybius/polybius.htm

Polybius and the Founding Fathers: the separation of powers 1999 Donald E. Glover Award, outstanding final project Marshall Davies Lloyd St. Margaret’s School Sept. 22, 1998; under the direction of Diane Hatch, Professor of Classics Mary Washington College, Fredericksburg, Virginia TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Dedication Intro Ch 1 ... Bibliography DEDICATION This paper is presented to Dr. Linda J. Piper, my beloved Ancient History Professor, on the occasion of her retirement from the Classics and History departments at the University of Georgia. Five years or so ago, she first introduced our class to the Greek historian Polybius and the wonders of anacyclosis. We bemoaned the fact that Polybius receives too little credit for his contributions to the U.S. Constitution. The class discussion that day was one of the finest experiences I ever had at Georgia. On that day, Dr. Piper expressed a wish that someone would write a paper on Polybius’ influence on the Founding Fathers. Now that Dr. Piper is retiring, all I could think of this semester has been how I would like to present her this paper as a small token of thanks for her enthusiasm both for the classics and her students, for her willingness to serve on my thesis committee, and most especially for her attending my wedding. Dr. Piper, as you retire, I hope you will never forget what you mean to the lives of so many. I despair for Georgia and grieve for the students for whom Roman History now will be a faint shadow of the experience we once had with you at the helm. I wish you the best in the years to come. My father has thoroughly enjoyed his retirement from the Classics. I hope you will too. God bless you.

17. Beginners' Guide To Cryptography Classical Cryptography. polybius. polybius was a greek who invented a system of converting alphabetic characters into numeric characters. http://www.murky.org/cryptography/classical/polybius.shtml

Skip over navigation Welcome Page Site Map Classical Cryptography ... Murky.org Beginners' Guide to Cryptography Classical Cryptography Polybius Polybius was a greek who invented a system of converting alphabetic characters into numeric characters. It was devised to enable messages to be easily signalled using torches. Here I've presented a polybius square using our current alphabet. Note that i and j share the same position. However thjs wjll not cause much of a problem when decoding as jt wjll usually be obvjous from the context iust whjch was jntended! a b c d e f g h ij k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Each letter may be represented by two numbers by looking up the row the letter is in and the column. For instance h=23 and r=42. The idea was that a message may be transmitted by holding different combinations of torches in each hand. The chequerboard has other important characteristics, namely the reduction in the number of different characters, the conversion to numbers and the reduction of a symbol into two parts which are separately manipulable. As such chequerboards form the basis for many more ciphers. Polybius is still a monoalphabetic cipher, one character is always represented by the same two digits - but it does for a good building block for other ciphers, sometimes very strong ciphers, such as

18. Polybius polybiusSince Jun 10, 2000 those of others; the former makes a more striking demonstration, the latter a less painful one." polybius (200118 B.C http://www.freerepublic.com/perl/profile?op=show&user=Polybius

19. Selections From Polybius Selections from polybius, the Greek historian. Book 2.1 http://www.uvm.edu/~bsaylor/rome/polybius1.html

Selections from Polybius, the Greek historian Book 2.1 In the preceding book I stated in the first place at what date the Romans having subjected Italy began to concern themselves in enterprises outside the peninsula; next I narrated how they crossed to Sicily and what were their reasons for undertaking the war with Carthage for the possession of that island. After relating when and how they first built naval forces, I pursued the history of the war on both sides until its end, at which the Carthaginians evacuated all Sicily, and the Romans acquired the whole island except the parts which were Hiero's dominions. In the next place I set myself to describe how the mercenaries mutinied against Carthage and set ablaze the so-called Libyan war; I described all the terrible atrocities committed in this war, all its dramatic surprises, and their issues, until it ended in the final triumph of Carthage. [See below , excerpt from Book 1.] I will now attempt to give a summary view, according to my original project, of the events immediately following. The Carthaginians, as soon as they had set the affairs of Libya in order, dispatched Hamilcar to the land of Spain entrusting him with an adequate force. Taking with him his army and his son Hannibal now nine years of age, he crossed the straits of Gibraltar and applied himself to subjugating Spain to the Carthaginians.

20. Polybius (1981) At Coinop.org, THE Arcade Game Resource home · browse games · browse kb · features · coinop.org is arcade video games. polybius. Released in 1981. by Icarus . Comment Maybe a polybius Cabinet? http://coinop.org/g.aspx/103223/Polybius.html

search home browse games browse kb features · coinop.org is arcade video games. Polybius Released in 1981 ArcadeHardware: -Unique or Unknown- Rated 71 times. Average rating: 3.28 out of 5. info about it: Display: ?Unknown? Orientation: ?Unknown? Resolution: ?Unknown? x ?Unknown? Colors: ?Unknown? Color Info: ?Unknown? genre: Abstract attributes: Puzzle controls: [no data] X-Arcade Controller Read our review or Buy it now Need Fast Internet? First 3 months $19.95 Discounted long distance mobile/pcs and many other services also available Game Summary We need information. Game Details This game had a very limited release, one or two backwater arcades in a suburb of Portland. The history of this game is cloudy, there were all kinds of strange stories about how kids who played it got amnesia afterwards, couldn't remember their name or where they lived, etc. The bizarre rumors about this game are that it was supposedly developed by some kind of weird military tech offshoot group, used some kind of proprietary behavior modification algorithms developed for the CIA or something, kids who played it woke up at night screaming, having horrible nightmares.

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