21. Ancient History Sourcebook: Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): On Libya, From The Hist herodotus's writings on Libya, from The Histories, c. 430 BCE. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herod-libya1.html

Back to Ancient History Sourcebook Ancient History Sourcebook: Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE) On Libya, from The Histories , c. 430 BCE In the accounts here, Herodotus describes thepeoples and geography of North Africa west of Egypt - much further west than the current boundaries of modern Libya. These texts aslo form part of a larger file on North Africa/Mauretania in ancient sources. Book IV.42-43 For my part I am astonished that men should ever have divided Libya, Asia, and Europe as they have, for they are exceedingly unequal. Europe extends the entire length of the other two, and for breadth will not even (as I think) bear to be compared to them. As for Libya, we know it to be washed on all sides by the sea, except where it is attached to Asia. This discovery was first made by Necos, the Egyptian king, who on desisting from the canal which he had begun between the Nile and the Arabian gulf [ i.e., the Red Sea], sent to sea a number of ships manned by Phoenicians, with orders to make for the Pillars of Hercules, and return to Egypt through them, and by the Mediterranean. The Phoenicians took their departure from Egypt by way of the Erythraean sea, and so sailed into the southern ocean. When autumn came, they went ashore, wherever they might happen to be, and having sown a tract of land with corn, waited until the grain was fit to cut. Having reaped it, they again set sail; and thus it came to pass that two whole years went by, and it was not till the third year that they doubled the Pillars of Hercules, and made good their voyage home. On their return, they declared - I for my part do not believe them, but perhaps others may - that in sailing round Libya they had the sun upon their right hand. In this way was the extent of Libya first discovered.

22. EpistemeLinks.com: Electronic Text Results HTML of Fragments, Last Will, Letter to herodotus, Menoecius, and Pythocles, On the Nature of Things, Principle Doctrines, and Vatican Sayings. http://www.epistemelinks.com/Main/TextName.aspx?PhilCode=Epic

23. Summary Of And Commentary On Herodotus' Histories, Book 7 home ancient Greece index herodotus summary and contents by Jona Lendering©. herodotus Histories, the twentysecond logos Thermopylae. http://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodotus/logos7_22.html

home ancient Greece index Herodotus Herodotus' Histories, the twenty-second logos: Thermopylae The battle of Thermopylae (7.138-239) Nominally, Xerxes' expedition was directed against Athens, but its real objective was the conquest of the whole of Greece. Having stated this at the beginning of the twenty-second logos, Herodotus feels compelled to express an opinion which he knows to be unpopular: that Greece was saved by the Athenians. If they had remained neutral, he points out, the Greeks had not been able to resist the Persian navy, and Xerxes' army could easily have been ferried to every part of Greece, including Sparta. Herodotus adds to this encomium that the Athenian decision to join the war against the Asian invaders, was especially courageous because the oracle of Delphi had predicted eminent doom if the Athenians were to stand firm. When this oracle was read in front of the people's assembly in the year preceding Xerxes' invasion, the Athenian leader Themistocles above ) had pointed out that it contained a cryptic reference to a 'wooden wall that shall not fall'. He had suggested that this implied that Athens should rely on its large navy. Herodotus adds that this navy had been build only recently. Several years before, a rich vein of silver had been struck at Laurium (a village near Athens) and Themistocles had suggested to use the money to construct two hundred galleys. Herodotus Diary of Xerxes' campaign Earth and water ... Troezen inscription Comment Herodotus' opinion that Athens had saved Greece, was indeed one to which many Greeks would have objected. In the 430's, when he composed

24. Herodotus: The Persian Wars Hypertext of the English translation by George Rawlinson, divided by book. http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Herodotus/

The Persian Wars by Herodotus The HTML text provided here originally came from the ASCII format provided at gopher://gopher.vt.edu:10010/10/33 . Since the original Internet text was not indexed, I added the paragraph index marker system which was used in The Modern Library edition of Rawlinson's text, published under the title of The Persian Wars by Herodotus 1942. Hopefully they represent a standard notation for referencing the text. In addition, at each visible paragraph marker there is also a HTML link, which will aid in cross referencing the text. The Internet ASCII source was a translation of Herodotus by George Rawlinson. The Modern Library version is very similiar, but it reflects editor updates. Book 1 - CLIO Book 2 - EUTERPE Book 3 - THALIA Book 4 - MELPOMENE ... Brief history of Persia - tiny index to Herodotus No copy restrictions apply for non-commercial use

25. Ancient History Sourcebook: Accounts Of Ancient Mauretania, C. 430 BCE- 550 CE Historical accounts of Mauretania from c. 430 BCE 550 CE, taken from the writings of herodotus, Strabo, and Procopius of Caesarea. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/anc-nafrica.html

Back to Ancient History Sourcebook Ancient History Sourcebook: Accounts of Ancient Mauretania, c. 430 BCE- 550 CE Herodotus: The Histories , c. 430 B.C., Book IV. Strabo: Geography , c. 22 A.D., XVII.iii.1-11. Procopius of Caesarea: History of the Wars , c. 550 A.D. Books III.xxv.3-9; IV.vi.10-14, vii.3, xi.16-20, xiii.26-29 Herodotus The Histories , c. 430 B.C., Book IV.42-43: For my part I am astonished that men should ever have divided Libya, Asia, and Europe as they have, for they are exceedingly unequal. Europe extends the entire length of the other two, and for breadth will not even (as I think) bear to be compared to them. As for Libya, we know it to be washed on all sides by the sea, except where it is attached to Asia. This discovery was first made by Necos, the Egyptian king, who on desisting from the canal which he had begun between the Nile and the Arabian gulf [ i.e., the Red Sea], sent to sea a number of ships manned by Phoenicians, with orders to make for the Pillars of Hercules, and return to Egypt through them, and by the Mediterranean. The Phoenicians took their departure from Egypt by way of the Erythraean sea, and so sailed into the southern ocean. When autumn came, they went ashore, wherever they might happen to be, and having sown a tract of land with corn, waited until the grain was fit to cut. Having reaped it, they again set sail; and thus it came to pass that two whole years went by, and it was not till the third year that they doubled the Pillars of Hercules, and made good their voyage home. On their return, they declared - I for my part do not believe them, but perhaps others may - that in sailing round Libya they had the sun upon their right hand. In this way was the extent of Libya first discovered.

26. Ancient Transylvanian History, Orastie Region Local history, from preliterate times and the kingdom of the Dacians up through herodotus' observations. Includes mythology and linguistics. http://www.angelfire.com/md/Orastie/History.html

27. Herodotus: The Persian Wars-Marathon http://campus.northpark.edu/history/Classes/Sources/Herodotus-Marathon.html

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28. Welkom In Het Keltisch Kiekenkot Informatie over Keltische kunst. Vertalingen uit het Grieks en Latijn van klassieke schrijvers zoals herodotus, Homeros, Ovidius, Vergilius, Caesar en Plato. http://keltischkiekenkot.fateback.com/

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29. Herodotus, U. Of Saskatchewan To Home Page To Course Notes Menu. herodotus by John Porter, University ofSaskatchewan. This is the heart of the story that herodotus has to tell. http://duke.usask.ca/~porterj/CourseNotes/HdtNotes.html

To Home Page To Course Notes Menu Herodotus by John Porter, University of Saskatchewan Notice: Introduction Historical Background Herodotus and Myth: I Herodotus' Relationship to Contemporary "Historians" ... Herodotus' Histories and Contemporary Politics Background Readings For the historical background, see The World of Athens, H.I. 12-28, 7.32-33, and P. 2-6. Maps can be found at the beginning of The World of Athens (Optional: C. G. Starr, A History of the Ancient World, pp. 275-297.) See, as well, s.v. "Herodotus" in the on-line Perseus Project's encyclopedia. For a general overview of readings from Herodotus, consult the Outline of Herodotus, The Histories, Books 1, 6.48ff., 7, and 8. For select readings from Herodotus' Histories, see the Selections from Herodotus by Lewis Stiles in the collection of translations of Classical authors. Introduction Herodotus' Histories Today Herodotus is referred to (somewhat inaccurately) as the Father of History; in antiquity, by contrast, he was often called the Father of Lies. This evaluation is based in part on Herodotus' pro-Athenian biases ( discussed below ), but to a great degree it represents a reaction to the curious "tall tales" in which his work abounds: stories, e.g., of gold-digging ants the size of foxes (3.102-05); of races of people bald from birth (4.23) or with the feet of goats (4.25) or with only one eye (4.26); [

30. A Commentary On Xerxes Detailed synopsis of herodotus' accounts of the Persian ruler. http://www.herodotuswebsite.co.uk/xerxes.htm

Last updated: 12/04/2003 A Commentary on Xerxes Darius's achievements Xerxes's reign Xerxes prepares for war The Persian advance ... The Delphic Oracle (the wooden walls) Tempe Thermopylae Artemisium Essay: How organised and unified was Greek resistance in the face of Xerxes's invasion, and how much can be attributed directly to Themistocles's policies? Darius's achievements We are told that Darius is desperate for revenge following Marathon and Herodotus would have us believe that Darius was planning a Greek campaign. This reflects Herodotus's Greek centred view of the Persians as he assumes that Marathon was a major set back for the Persians and consequentially they would inevitably see revenge on Greece as a major priority. However before any of these plans came to fruition, in November 486 Darius dies, after 36 on the throne. He hasn't added much to the empire - though he has two major achievements to his credit: Crushing the rebellions on his succession Keeping the structure of the empire Herodotus tells a Persian proverb: Cyrus was a father, Cambyses was a tyrant and Darius was a shop keeper

31. Herodotus (selections), U. Of Sask. To Home Page To Translations Menu. Selections from herodotus, The PersianWars Lewis Stiles, translator. PREFACE. herodotus OF HALICARNASSOS. http://duke.usask.ca/~porterj/DeptTransls/Hdt.html

To Home Page To Translations Menu Selections from Herodotus, The Persian Wars Lewis Stiles, translator Notice: NOTE: This translation is intentionally literal; violence is occasionally done to English syntax in the interests of preserving some of the original order of thoughts. [] - enclose words added for sense For background material, see the Course Notes on Herodotus. Preface Introduction Kandaules and Gyges ... Epilogue PREFACE HERODOTUS OF HALICARNASSOS HIS RESEARCHES SET FORTH that the past not be forgotten by men over time that deeds, both great and wondrous some manifested by Hellenes and others by barbaroi especially the cause for which they warred against one another INTRODUCTION [1.1] Now Persian story-tellers declare that Phoenicians were the cause of the difference. For they say that the Phoenicians, having come from what is called the Red Sea into this sea and having inhabited that land which they even now inhabit, immediately set themselves to long voyages, and that, bringing as freight both Egyptian and Assyrian goods, they used to come upon various places, including Argos, which at that time surpassed in every way the poleis in the land now called Hellas.

32. Spartan Women In Herodotos Discussion of the treatment of Spartan women in the works of the Greek historian, herodotus. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Aegean/7849/herodotos.html

Spartan Women in Herodotos Spartan women make several appearances in The Histories of Herodotos. In the stories, the Spartan women act as mothers, daughters, wives and queens and they participate in the political and social arenas. Herodotos also quite often shows the women as the inadvertent cause of strife within Sparta and also as the root of the most well-known political institutions. Of course, the most famous Spartan women in Herodotos is Helen, but often she is found in the mythological stories and is not indicative of the treatment of women. It is interesting to compare these women to the other women illustrated in Herodotos and note which examples parallel the other stories and which are unique in Herodotos’ treatment of women (C. Dewald, ‘Women and Culture in Herodotus’ Histories’, Reflections on Women in Antiquity). Some Spartan women are found in unflattering situations in the work of Herodotos and they breach the rules of their city-state. In 4.146, Herodotos tells the story of the Minyae, the descendants of the Argonauts, who married Spartan women, and then demanded a share of the Spartiate privileges such as access to royal power. The Lakedaimonians proceeded to imprison them before executing them. However, before these men were executed, the Spartan women entered the prison: ‘These women were all natives of Sparta and daughters of leading Spartan citizens, so no one suspected treachery, and they succeeded in getting their request granted. Once inside the prison, however, they changed clothes with the men, who were enabled by this disguise to pass themselves off as women and get out.’ It is in this passage, the treachery of the women is surprising, but their grouping is also not rare in Herodotos.

33. Perseus Update In Progress herodotus Book 2herodotus Book 2. Chapter 1. 1 After the death of Cyrus, Cambysesinherited his throne. He was the son of Cyrus and of Cassandane http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia?entry=Herodotus

34. Persian Empire - Map Map and concordance of Persian topographical names. It is based on the Greek authors Arrian, herodotus, Xenophon and Persian inscriptions. http://www.livius.org/pen-pg/persia_map/persia_map.html

home ancient Persia index : article by Jona Lendering Persian topographical names 1: Satrapies This site contains a concordance of Persian topographical names. It is based on the Greek authors Arrian of Nicomedia (Arr.), Herodotus (Hdt.) and Xenophon (Xen.) and the Persian inscriptions known as DB and XPh ( Darius Behistun inscription and Xerxes' Daiva inscription ). Other texts will be added in the future. Abbreviations: Akk. Akkadian A. Aramaean Eg. Old Egyptian G. Old Greek H. Hebrew Ind. Old Indian P. Old Persian Satrapies Tribes Towns Other SATRAPIES AND OTHER DISTRICTS Aigyptos (G) Hdt.; Arr. satrapy; Egypt Aiolia (G) Hdt., Xen., Arr. district of satrapy Ionia and Karia Arabia (G) DB, XPh satrapy; Jordan Arabia (G) Hdt., Xen., Arr. satrapy; Jordan Arachosia (G) Haravautiš (P) Arr. satrapy; Areia (G) Haraiva (P) Hdt., Arr. satrapy; Armenia (G) Armina (P) Hdt., Xen., Arr. satrapy; Armenia Armina (P) Armenia (G) DB, XPh satrapy; Armenia Assyria (G) Xen. Syria ; Hdt. uses this word to describe Babylonia Assyria (G) DB, XPh Syria ; also known as 'across the river' Babylonia (G) DB, XPh

35. Herodotus - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia herodotus. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. herodotus of Halicarnassus(modern Bodrum herodotus s Life. As to herodotus s life, we http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Page history ... Printable version Not logged in Log in Help Other languages: Deutsch Eesti Nederlands Esperanto Herodotus From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Herodotus of Halicarnassus (modern Bodrum in Turkey ) was an ancient Greek historian who lived in the 5th century BC 485 BC ? - c. 420 BC Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Overview 2 Opinions 3 Herodotus's Life 4 For Further Reading ... 5 External Links Overview Herodotus wrote a history of the Persian invasion of Greece in the early fifth century B.C., known simply as The Histories of Herodotus . This work was recognized as a new form of literature soon after its publication. Before Herodotus, there had been chronicles and epics , and they too had preserved knowledge of the past. But Herodotus was the first not only to record the past but also to treat it as a philosophical problem, or research project, that could yield knowledge of human behavior. Opinions His invention earned him the title "The Father of History" and the word he used for his achievement, historie , which previously had meant simply "research", took on its modern connotation of "history".

36. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Serrae Titular metropolitan see in Macedonia, more correctly Serrhae, is called Siris by herodotus. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13731a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... S > Serrae A B C D ... Z Serrae Christian SMITH, Dict. of Greek and Roman Geogr., s. v. Siris; BOUTYRAS, Dict. of Hist. and Geogr. (in Greek), VII, 479; LEAKE, Northern Greece, III, 200-210; DEMITSAS, Macedonica (Athens, 1874), 575-587; TOMASCHEK, Zur Kunde der Hamus-Halbinsel (Vienna, 1887), 83; PAPAGEORGIOU in Byzantinische Zeitschrift, III (Munich, 1894), 225-329. Transcribed by Joseph E. O'Connor The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XIII Nihil Obstat, February 1, 1912. Remy Lafort, D.D., Censor Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York If an ad appears here that contradicts Catholic teachings, please click here to notify the webmaster. Praise Jesus Christ in His Angels and in His Saints New Advent is dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

37. Epicurus - Letter To Herodotus Letter to herodotus. Epicurus summarizes the key doctrines from On Nature (ofwhich only a few fragments have been recovered) in this letter to herodotus. http://www.epicurus.net/herodotus.html

Letter to Herodotus Epicurus Epicurus to Herodotus, greetings: For those who are unable to study carefully all my physical writings or to go into the longer treatises at all, I have myself prepared an epitome of the whole system, Herodotus, to preserve in the memory enough of the principal doctrines, to the end that on every occasion they may be able to aid themselves on the most important points, so far as they take up the study of Physics. Those who have made some advance in the survey of the entire system ought to fix in their minds under the principal headings an elementary outline of the whole treatment of the subject. For a comprehensive view is often required, the details but seldom. To the former, then - the main heads - we must continually return, and must memorize them so far as to get a valid conception of the facts, as well as the means of discovering all the details exactly when once the general outlines are rightly understood and remembered; since it is the privilege of the mature student to make a ready use of his conceptions by referring every one of them to elementary facts and simple terms. For it is impossible to gather up the results of continuous diligent study of the entirety of things, unless we can embrace in short formulas and hold in mind all that might have been accurately expressed even to the minutest detail. Hence, since such a course is of service to all who take up natural science, I, who devote to the subject my continuous energy and reap the calm enjoyment of a life like this, have prepared for you just such an epitome and manual of the doctrines as a whole.

38. Cookies From the Times, a lost city described by the Greek historian herodotus has been identified by a British archaeologist in central Turkey. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-458678,00.html

Your browser is currently not set up to accept cookies. To register with Times Online you will have to enable cookies on your browser. Why does Times Online use cookies for registration? Cookies enable us to recognise you and remember your access privileges each time you visit Times Online, and make future log-ins to our website simple. While we do use cookies to track activity on the site, your information is confidential and will not be shared with a third party. For more information please see our How do I enable cookies on my Web browser? You must ensure that your Web browser is set to accept cookies. If not, please follow the instructions to change your current settings. For Internet Explorer up to 5.5 Go the Tools menu and select Internet Options Select the Security option and then select Custom Level. Depending on your systems access you might be unable to select this option. If this option is un-selectable then contact your systems administrator Scroll down the menu until you reach Cookies and select the Enable option.

39. Urban Streetscapes Photographs of urban 19th century housing and neighborhoods. http://herodotus.topcities.com/urban/enter/

Urban Streetscapes CITIES BALTIMORE CHICAGO CINCINNATI CLEVELAND ... TOP CITES My Webhost ATLANTIC 10 CONFERENCE FORUM I run this board I run this board too. CHICAGO COMING SOON! Urban Streetscapes THERE ARE MANY WEBSITES FILLED WITH PHOTOS OF BIG PUBLIC BUILDINGS, MANISIONS AND MONUMENTS. THERE HAVE BEEN FEW SITES THAT ARE DEDICATED TO THE BACKBONE OF ANY CITY, ITS HOUSING AND NEIGHBORHOODS. THIS IS A PHOTO SITE DEDICATED IN PARTICULAR, TO THE CLASSIC HOUSES OF THE PAST. NOT HOMES BUILT FOR THE RICH, BUT THOSE OF PEOPLE RANGING FROM LABORERS TO PROFESSIONAL PEOPLE. WHILE I HAVEN'T BEEN ABLE TO GET TO EVERY CITY, (SAN FRANCISCO, AND NEW ORLEANS ARE BIG OMISSIONS) THE ONES INCLUDED ALL HAVE AT LEAST ONE CLASSIC 19TH CENTURY DISTRICT. SOME HAVE BEEN RESTORED AND ARE IN PRISTINE CONDITION. OTHERS STILL HAVE WORK TO BE DONE. NEVERTHELESS, ALL DISPLAY THE TYPE OF CRAFT AND WORKMANSHIP, SADLY MISSING FROM MOST MODERN CONSTRUCTION. PLEASE CLICK ON THE LINK FOR EACH CITY TO SEE PHOTOS FOR THAT PARTICULAR TOWN. Sign My Guest Book FastCounter by bCentral Please send email to herodotus@topcities.com

40. Herodotus On The Pharaohs The stories of the pharaohs by herodotus with annotations http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/herodotus/index.html

Ancient Egypt: Herodotus' description of some of the pharaohs Herodotus on the pharaohs Herodotus was born about 490 BCE at Halicarnassos in Carien and died in the late 420's. His travels took him to Asia and northern Africa. At Athens he became a friend of Pericles and Sophocles. In 444 BCE he went to Thurii in Italy where he died. The second volume of his Histories describes Egypt's geography and people. He also relates stories about a number of pharaohs. He has often been accused of not being very truthful or, at the very least, of being wrong, gullible or both. Diodorus Siculus explains his criteria for including material in his own Historical Library We will pass over the baseless news of Herodotus and other writers about Egyptian history, who instead of the truth wanted to present us rather with tales of wonder and entertaining inventions; in contrast we will report after attentive scrutiny what the Egyptian priests themselves wrote in their documents. Translation after Diodor's von Sicilien Historische Bibliothek First volume, chapter 69

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