1. Autobiographical Information: CATO THE ELDER, CATO THE CENSOR A concise account of cato the elder's life and works, with bibliography. http://www.geocities.com/~kashalinka/cato_bio.html

CATO THE ELDER [a.k.a. Cato the Censor] Cato was born Marcus Porcius Priscus but, due to his abilities as a skillful orator, he became known as Marcus Porcius Cato. The Romans called an experienced or skillful man Catus. The Latin word catus means sharp intellect. Cato was also known as Cato the Censor for his monitoring of the behavior of public officials and his desire to extricate any Greek influence or capitalist ideas and to return to conservative Roman conduct and morality. As censor, he attempted to preserve old Roman ancestral custom, mos maiorum . He supported, in 181 BC, the law against luxury, lex Orchia lex Voconia . He is also known as Cato the Censor due to his austere scrutinization of Senate officials in 184 BC and the removal of those who he considered too liberal or open to new foreign ideas, and those who were extravagant or who he felt lived luxurious, immoral lives. Earlier, Cato was sent on a diplomatic mission to Africa to negotiate peace terms between the Carthaginians and Numidian tribesmen. While visiting Carthage he became disgusted at the wasteful indulgence and luxury, the wealth and power of the merchants and their thriving international trade, and he believed that Carthage posed a threat to Rome. Cato concluded every speech that he gave with the phrase, ato served as a quaestor under Scipio Africanus in 204 BC. A quaestor was a Roman official either in charge of public funds such as a state treasurer or army paymaster, or a public judge or prosecutor in a criminal trial. He served as an aedile in 199 BC. An aedile was a Roman official who was the superintendent of public works, monitored the public grain supply, was responsible for policing the city and maintaining order, and was held accountable for providing for the public games. He was an advocate of public works and supported the construction of the

2. Cato The Elder Roman Empire. Home Page. Early Republic. Chapter. Early Republic. Portrait Gallery. Roman Empire. Children's Section. cato the elder ( 234149 BC) also known as Cato the Censor cato the elder (the additive 'the Elder' is used to distinguish him from his grandson who also rose havoc on the Roman Empire. And cato the elder believed this more http://www.roman-empire.net/republic/cato-e.html

Roman Empire Home Page Early Republic Chapter Early Republic Portrait Gallery Roman Empire Children's Section Cato the Elder (234-149 BC) also known as Cato the Censor The progress from quaestor to consul via offices of aedile and praetor was a natural one and came more quickly to men who had proved themselves able soldiers in times of war. However, no one man could hold the same office twice in ten years. Therefore, unless there was a provincial governor needed somewhere, some men could at the very height of their power suddenly find themselves unemployed. This befell Marcus Porcius Cato, a political leader of great integrity and determination, also known as Cato the Elder to distinguish him from his great-grandson. Cato the Elder (the additive 'the Elder' is used to distinguish him from his grandson who also rose to prominence in Roman history and is known as 'the Younger') was born at Tusculum in 234 BC. He grew up on his fathers country estate and entered military service at the tender age of 17. By 195 BC he had climbed the traditional ladder of magistrative offices to the its very pinnacle by achieving the post of consul. In this position he won a great victory in the wars in Spain. Then in 191 BC he retired from the army and concentrated instead on participating in debates in the senate.

3. Cato The Elder: 234-149 BC All rights reserved. cato the elder. 234 149 BC Marcus Porcius cato the elder lived from 234 BC to 149 BC http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/Mediterranean/CatoElder.html

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4. Cato The Elder Marcus Cato (Porcius) cato the elder (234-149 BC). also knownas Cato the Censor (to distinguish him from his great-grandson). http://www.barca.fsnet.co.uk/cato.htm

Marcus Cato (Porcius) - 'Cato the Elder' (234-149 BC) also known as Cato the Censor (to distinguish him from his great-grandson) Censeo Carthaginem esse delendam " or "I declare that Carthage must be destroyed." Speeches Porcius was his nomen , his wider family name. The cognomen Cato Speeches New Men Cato As a politician, Cato could now wield patronage himself. His powers as a speaker were employed on behalf of people in nearby villages and towns who wished to use him as an advocate, and he will have begun to prosper. His next elected office was as one of the two aediles, with responsibilities in Rome itself, in 199: he and his colleague found excuses to organise more Games than usual, not an unpopular move. Speeches Every five years Rome elected two censors. These held office for a year and their task was to review the lists of the Senate, the Equites On Clothes and Vehicles and On Statues and Pictures Cato held no more elected offices, but his involvement in Roman politics was uninterrupted. As senator, advocate, prosecutor, he continued to target misbehaviour by generals on campaign and by governors in overseas provinces. His oratorical skills were used in long-running disputes with old adversaries and their relatives as well as in defending, or rewriting, his own past acts. Carthago delenda est He alone has a mind the rest are darting shadows Cato 17.7). He was also said to be a good husband and a thoughtful and painstaking father.

5. CATO THE ELDER - Biography cato the elder. Marcus Porcius Cato was a Roman statesman, orator, writer, and defenderof conservative Roman Republican ideas who lived between 234 and 149 BC. http://www.barca.fsnet.co.uk/cato-biography.htm

CATO THE ELDER Marcus Porcius Cato was a Roman statesman, orator, writer, and defender of conservative Roman Republican ideas who lived between 234 and 149 BC. He was born into a wealthy family of Roman landholders during the early Republican period on a farm in the city of Tusculum, southeast of present–day Rome. His early farm upbringing resulted in a lifelong interest in agriculture and the writing of his De Agri Cultura in 160 BC which is the oldest Latin literary encyclopedia in existence today. His conservative views of traditional Roman Republican culture and the importance of the development of Latin literature and its survival as a written language resulted in his fear and dislike of the increasing Greek influence on the Romans. Cato helped insure the survival of Latin by being the first to write an encyclopedic history of Rome in Latin called Origines, of which only small fragments survive. Cato was born Marcus Porcius Priscus but, due to his abilities as a skillful orator, he became known as Marcus Porcius Cato. The Romans called an experienced or skillful man Catus. The Latin word catus means sharp intellect.

6. Cato's 'De Agricultura': Ritual For Purifying Land Excerpt from cato the elder's 'De Agricultura' Ritual for purifying a field or other piece of land. http://www.novaroma.org/religio_romana/cato_purify.html

Cato's 'De Agricultura': Ritual for purifying land Translated into English by Quinta Claudia Lucentia Aprica Cato, De Agricultura A ritual for purifying land Cato unfortunately gives no indication as to whether this ritual is intended to be performed only when land has become impure for some reason, and needs to be purified, or whether it is to be performed regularly, and if so, at what times. However, the wording of the prayer suggests a very general application to all aspects of a farm, and refers in particular to the hope that the land will yield good crops. This would certainly make it a suitable ritual for performing yearly in the spring, either on a farm as Cato intended, or perhaps with some adaptation to a family house, a workroom, a study or any business premises. The word suovitaurilia which Cato uses is made up of sus (pig) + ovis (sheep) + taurus (bull), and is used frequently in Latin to describe a group consisting of one of each of these animals. The name 'Manius' appears to be a generic name, along the lines of our 'Joe Bloggs' or 'John Smith', whilst the word fertum refers to a type of cake used for religious offerings. No recipe for it survives, but recipes given by Cato for two other types of offering-cakes may be found

7. Roman Writers, Writing And Historians: Cato The Elder cato the elder. 234 149 B. C. Marcus Porcius Cato was a wealthy Roman landowner who strongly believed in the traditional Roman Republican values and stood as a symbol for those ideals. Cato the http://myron.sjsu.edu/romeweb/writers/art11.htm

Contents Previous Article Next Article Cato the Elder 234 - 149 B. C. Cato served as quaestor, aedile, praetor, consul, and censor in the Roman government. He also served as a military general, winning major victories in Spain. He used his powers as censor to get rid of many senators whom he felt were a corrupting influence on Roman society. Cato the Elder wrote the first history of Rome that was not an epic poem. Parts of this work, the Origines, still survive but most of it is lost. He also wrote a treatise on agriculture that still survives. Go to next article: Go back to previous article: Return to Roman Writers, Writing, and Historians Table of Contents Return to History and Technology Back Pages - The home page for this entire site. Navigation and Help Roman Emperors Roman Women Interesting Events ... Glossary

8. Cato The Elder Quotes - The Quotations Page Quotations by Author. cato the elder (234 BC 149 BC) Roman orator politician more author details. Showing cato the elder. Anger http://www.quotationspage.com/quotes/Cato_the_Elder/

Home / News Quotes of the Day Motivational Author Index ... Contact Us Also visit: The Literature Page Quotations by Author Cato the Elder (234 BC - 149 BC) [more author details] Showing quotations 1 to 10 of 13 total After I'm dead I'd rather have people ask why I have no monument than why I have one. Cato the Elder Anger so clouds the mind, that it cannot perceive the truth. Cato the Elder From lightest words sometimes the direst quarrel springs. Cato the Elder Grasp the subject, the words will follow. Cato the Elder - More quotations on: Language I think the first virtue is to restrain the tongue; he approaches nearest to gods who knows how to be silent, even though he is in the right. Cato the Elder - More quotations on: Silence Lighter is the wound foreseen. Cato the Elder Patience is the greatest of all virtues. Cato the Elder - More quotations on: Patience Tis sometimes the height of wisdom to feign stupidity. Cato the Elder We cannot control the evil tongues of others; but a good life enables us to disregard them. Cato the Elder - More quotations on: Gossip I would much rather have men ask why I have no statue, than why I have one.

9. Cato's 'De Agricultura': Ritual Before Clearing A Grove Or Tilling Land Excerpt from cato the elder's 'De Agricultura' Ritual before clearing a grove or tilling land. http://www.novaroma.org/religio_romana/cato_dig.html

Cato's 'De Agricultura': Ritual before clearing a grove or tilling land Translated into English by Quinta Claudia Lucentia Aprica Cato, De Agricultura A ritual to be performed before clearing a grove or tilling land Since the Romans believed that every piece of land had its own deities, or genii , and that each tree had its own guardian spirit which dwelt within it, it was not considered proper either to disturb land or to cut down trees without sacrificing first to the gods who lived within them. Cato gives two versions of this ritual; one to be performed when pruning a grove, and one when digging land. The two rituals are exactly the same, except that Cato suggests adding the words "for the cause of carrying out the work" when digging the land. These words seem grammatically designed to replace the words "for the pruning of this sacred place" in the original prayer, and Cato probably intended a substitution of one phrase for the other, according to which was most suitable, rather than a simple addition of extra words onto the end of the prayer. This ritual could be used in a modern garden, before carrying out jobs such as pruning, mowing or planting. Latin text: 'Lucum conlucare Romano more sic oportet. Porco piaculo facito, sic verba concipito: "Si deus, si dea es, quoium illud sacrum est, uti tibi ius est porco piaculo facere illiusce sacri coercendi ergo harumque rerum ergo, sive ego sive quis issu meo fecerit, uti id recte factum siet, eius rei ergo te hoc porco piaculo inmolando bonas preces precor, uti sies volens propitius mihi domo familaeque meae liberisque meis; harumce rerum ergo macte hoc porco piaculo inmolando esto."

10. Cato's 'De Agricultura': Offering To Ceres, Janus, Jupiter And Juno Excerpt from cato the elder's 'De Agricultura' Making offerings to the deities prior to the harvest. http://www.novaroma.org/religio_romana/cato_ceres.html

Cato's 'De Agricultura': Offering to Ceres, Janus, Jupiter and Juno Translated into English by Quinta Claudia Lucentia Aprica Cato, De Agricultura An offering to Ceres, Janus, Jupiter and Juno before the harvest. This ritual is intended to be performed before the year's harvest is gathered, marking the beginning of the harvest season, and showing the appropriate gratitude to the gods for the crops about to be gathered. It appears somewhat convoluted in Cato's description, but the ritual centres around the offering of a sow, known as the porca praecidanea to Ceres, with offerings of cakes and wine to Janus and Jupiter being made both before and after the main sacrifice. Cato suggests prayers only to accompany the offerings to Janus and Jupiter, leaving his readers to supply their own wording for the offering to Ceres. Meanwhile, although Juno is named by Cato, she does not seem to feature in the ritual at all; her role is probably mainly that of consort to Jupiter. Statue of Ceres The cakes which Cato refers to for the offerings to Janus and Jupiter are cakes made specifically for the purposes of religious offerings. To Janus, he advises offering a strues , which means a pile of small offering-cakes, while to Jupiter, he uses a fertum , a particular type of cake. Unfortunately, a recipe for

11. Cato The Elder Quotes - The Quotations Page I'd rather have people ask why I have no monument than why I have one. cato the elder silent, even though he is in the right. cato the elder http://www.quotationspage.com/quotes.php3?author=Cato the Elder

12. Quotez - Cato The Elder Author Index cato the elder. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/6517/188.htm

Cato the Elder "An angry man opens his mouth and shuts his eyes." "Cessation of work is not accompanied by cessation of expenses." - De Agri Cultura "Those who are serious in ridiculous matters will be ridiculous in serious matters." - quoted in Plutarch's Moralia: Sayings of Kings and Commanders "I would much rather have men ask why I have no statue, than why I have one." - quoted in Plutarch's Parallel Lives "Wise men profit more from fools than fools from wise men; for the wise men shun the mistakes of fools, but fools do not imitate the successes of the wise." - quoted in Plutarch's Parallel Lives Quotez - a selection of quotations "Who do you want to quote today?"

13. Cato's 'De Agricultura': Offering To Jupiter Dapalis Excerpt from cato the elder's 'De Agricultura' Making offerings to Iupiter Dapalis before ploughing land. http://www.novaroma.org/religio_romana/cato_jupiter.html

Cato's 'De Agricultura': Offering to Jupiter Dapalis Translated into English by Quinta Claudia Lucentia Aprica Cato, De Agricultura An offering to Jupiter Dapalis (Jupiter of the feast) before ploughing. This ritual is recommended by Cato for farmers as a yearly offering for their oxen, to be made when the pear-trees bloom (i.e. in spring) before ploughing begins. The aim is to bring a divine blessing on the oxen as they undertake the ploughing of the fields, in order to ensure a healthy crop and a good yield. However, this ritual could equally be used on the occasion of any important enterprise or undertaking, e.g. opening a new business, buying a house, starting a new job, finalising an important deal, etc. Latin text: 'Dapem hoc modo fieri oportet. Iovi dapali culignam vini quantum vis polluceto. Eo die feriae bubus et bubulcis et qui dapem facient. Cum pollucere oportebit, sic facies: "Iuppiter dapalis, quod tibi fieri oportet in domo familia mea culignam vini dapi, eius rei ergo macte hac illace dape pollucenda esto." Manus interluito, postea vinum sumito: "Iuppiter dapalis, macte istace dape pollucenda esto, macte vino inferio esto." Vestae, si voles, dato. Daps Iovi assaria pecuina urna vini. Iovi caste profanato sua contagione.' English translation: 'It is proper for the sacrificial feast to be made in this way. Offer to Jupiter Dapalis a cup of wine as great as you wish. It is a festival that day for the oxen and the ox-men and those who will carry out the sacrifice. When it will be proper to make the offering, speak thus: "Jupiter Dapalis, because it is proper for a cup of wine to be given to you in the house of my family for the sacred feast, for the sake of this thing may you be honoured by this, the feast offering." Wash the hands, afterwards take the wine: "Jupiter Dapalis, may you be honoured by this feast offering, may you be honoured by the wine sacrificed." Give to Vesta, if you wish. The sacred feast for Jupiter is roasted meat and an urn of wine. To Iuppiter you shall piously profane his [offerings] with [your] touch.'

14. M. Porcius Cato - Cato The Elder Or Cato The Censor M. Porcius Cato (cato the elder or Cato the Censor) was a 2nd Century B.C. Roman politician, general, and writer noted for his austere way of life and rigid principles. http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/people/a/catotheelder.htm?terms=free elder

15. Roman Writers, Writing And Historians: Cato The Elder Contents Previous Article - Next Article cato the elder. 234 - 149 BC. Catothe Elder wrote the first history of Rome that was not an epic poem. http://myron.sjsu.edu/romeweb/WRITERS/art11.htm

Contents Previous Article Next Article Cato the Elder 234 - 149 B. C. Cato served as quaestor, aedile, praetor, consul, and censor in the Roman government. He also served as a military general, winning major victories in Spain. He used his powers as censor to get rid of many senators whom he felt were a corrupting influence on Roman society. Cato the Elder wrote the first history of Rome that was not an epic poem. Parts of this work, the Origines, still survive but most of it is lost. He also wrote a treatise on agriculture that still survives. Go to next article: Go back to previous article: Return to Roman Writers, Writing, and Historians Table of Contents Return to History and Technology Back Pages - The home page for this entire site. Navigation and Help Roman Emperors Roman Women Interesting Events ... Glossary

16. Cato's 'De Agricultura': Offering To Mars Silvanus Excerpt from cato the elder's 'De Agricultura' Making offerings to Mars Silvanus to ensure the health of a farmer's cattle. http://www.novaroma.org/religio_romana/cato_mars.html

Cato's 'De Agricultura': Offering to Mars Silvanus Translated into English by Quinta Claudia Lucentia Aprica Cato, De Agricultura An offering to Mars Silvanus for the health of cattle. This description of a ritual to be performed for the health of cattle does not include an suggestions for appropriate words to be spoken, but simply describes the offering itself. However, since Cato states in his last sentence that his reader may vow or pray ( vovere ) the vow or prayer every year, some kind of spoken dedication does seem to be assumed. Head of Mars Silvanus Following the format of Cato's other prayers, it is likely that he would consider a fairly simple prayer to be appropriate, in which the god is called upon, the offering is verbally dedicated to the god, and the worshipper makes a humble request for the health of his cattle. The ceremony can of course be adapted to a number of modern uses, such as a prayer for the health of employees, for the smooth running of machinery or for domestic pets. As for Cato's statement that a woman may not see or take part in the ceremony, it is of course a matter for individual worshippers as to whether they interpret this as a religious rule, or simply a recommendation which reflects the beliefs of Cato's time, and can therefore be altered without causing offence to the gods (I personally fall into the latter camp). Latin text: 'Votum pro bubus, uti valeant, sic facito. Marti Silvani in silva interdius in capita singula boum votum facito. Farris L. III et lardi P. IIII S et pulpae P. IIII S, vini S. III, id in unum vas liceto coicere, et vinum item in unum vas liceto coicere. Eam rem divinam vel servus vel liber licebit faciat. Ubi res divina facta erit, statim ibidem consumito. Mulier ad eam rem divinam ne adsit neve videat quo modo fiat. Hoc votum in annos singulos, is voles, licebit vovere.'

17. Cato's 'De Agricultura': Recipes Excerpt from cato the elder's 'De Agricultura' Recipes for the offeringcakes known as libum and placenta . http://www.novaroma.org/religio_romana/cato_recipes.html

Cato's 'De Agricultura': Recipes Translated into English by Quinta Claudia Lucentia Aprica Cato, De Agricultura Cato's recipes for libum and placenta are particularly important historical sources, since both of these cakes were recommended for use in religious rituals. If you are hoping to make either of them, please note that I have not tried these recipes out myself, but simply translated them as clearly and as literally as I can. I would be very interested to hear from anyone who has tried the recipes, however. The Roman pounds which Cato uses were equivalent to 327.45g, and thus significantly less than our modern pounds, which are equivalent to 453.6g. Nevertheless, Cato was clearly planning cake-making on an industrial scale — a modius was a measure of volume slightly less than two gallons (9.092 litres), so his half-modius placenta cake must have been pretty substantial. Whether either recipe could be considered edible by mortals, even with the addition of honey, is of course a matter of taste. Libum Latin text: 'Libum hoc modo facito. Casei P. II bene disterat in mortario. Ubi bene distriverit, farinae siligineae libram aut, si voles tenerius esse, selibram similaginis eodem indito permiscetoque cum caseo bene. Ovum unum addito et una permisceto bene. Inde panem facito, folia subdito, in foco caldo sub testu coquito leniter.'

18. WWW: Cato The Elder All about cato the elder www from BigTome.com http://www.bigtome.com/big/page/Cato_the_Elder

WWW: Categories (1-2 of 2) Arts: Classical_Studies: Roman: Cato_the_Elder Society: History: By_Topic: Social_History: Religion: Ancient: Roman: Texts_and_Rituals Web Pages Autobiographical Information: CATO THE ELDER A concise account of Cato the Elder's life and works, with bibliography. - http://www.geocities.com/~kashalinka/cato_bio.html Arts: Classical Studies: Roman: Cato the Elder De Agricultura: Purifying land Excerpt from Cato the Elder's 'De Agricultura': Ritual for purifying a field or other piece of land. - http://www.novaroma.org/religio_romana/cato_purify.html Society: History: By Topic: Social History: Religion: Ancient: Roman: Texts and Rituals De Agricultura: Clearing Land Excerpt from Cato the Elder's 'De Agricultura': Ritual before clearing a grove or tilling land. - http://www.novaroma.org/religio_romana/cato_dig.html Society: History: By Topic: Social History: Religion: Ancient: Roman: Texts and Rituals Offering to Ceres, Janus, Jupiter and Juno Excerpt from Cato the Elder's 'De Agricultura': Making offerings to the deities prior to the harvest. - http://www.novaroma.org/religio_romana/cato_ceres.html

19. Cato The Elder: 234-149 BC cato the elder. 234 149 BC. Back to Roman Republic Chronology. Censer MarcusPorcius cato the elder lived from 234 BC to 149 BC. Born http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/Mediterranean/CatoElder.CP.html

Cato the Elder 234 - 149 BC Back to "Roman Republic" Chronology " Censer Carthaginem esse delendam " or " I declare that Carthage must be destroyed ." These are the famous words of Marcus Porcius Cato, spoken at the end of his many speeches while he was Censor of the Roman state. These words supposedly sparked the beginning of the Third Punic War that ended with the destruction of Carthage. Marcus Porcius Cato the Elder lived from 234 BC to 149 BC. Born at Tusculum, but growing up in the country of Sabines as a farmer, Cato, from the very beginning of his life, established his thoughts and feelings about the "simple life." With little formal education during his youth, Cato became a soldier, then tribune, then quaestor (treasurer) during the Second Punic War to fight against Hannibal and the Carthanians. Because of his bravery and success on the battle field his surname, originally Priscus, was changed to Cato. Catus for the Romans meant "skilled man." After already holding positions as a statesman and orator in Rome, on his return from the war, Cato was named the Censor in 184 BC. A Censor is a political office that had election every five years to classify citizens for military service or to judge moral fitness of public functions. As Censor he reclaimed the Roman commonwealth when it was in a decline through his good discipline.

20. Cato The Elder. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001. cato the elder. (k´t ) (KEY) or Cato the Censor, Lat. Cato Major or Cato Censorius http://www.bartleby.com/65/ca/CatoElde.html

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