1. Augustus Caesar augustus caesar Index " He was quite handsome . Sometimes he would clip his beard; sometimes he would shave it. While his barbers were at work on him, it was not unusual for him to read or write . His eyes were clear and radiant . Return to Bible History Online. augustus caesar http://www.bible-history.com/augustus

Augustus Caesar Index "He was quite handsome.... Sometimes he would clip his beard; sometimes he would shave it. While his barbers were at work on him, it was not unusual for him to read or write.... His eyes were clear and radiant.... His complexion was between dark and fair. Though only five feet, six inches in height . . his shortness was not too noticeable because of the good proportions of his figure." -SEUTONIUS Return to Bible History Online Augustus Caesar

2. Caesar Augustus -- Virgil.org An annotated guide to online resources on the life and works of augustus caesar. http://www.virgil.org/augustus/

biography search virgil bibliography eclogues ... courses Head of Augustus Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna) Caesar Augustus An Annotated Guide to Online Resources 1 September 2001 Primary Sources Ancient biographies, historical accounts, contemporary testimonies. Includes the text of the Res gestae in Latin and English, along with the vitae of Suetonius and Nicolaus of Damascus. Ancient accounts of Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. Chronologies of Augustus's life, illnesses, legislation, and responsibilities; building projects in the period; and conspiracies against the emperor. Information on Augustus's mausoleum complex. Genealogies of the Julio-Claudian line. Images from statuary and coin. Contemporary historiography, introductions to the sources, and a fictional reconstruction of Augustus' lost memoir. See also... Julius Caesar A companion to the Caesar Augustus pages: primary sources, background and images, modern essays and historical fiction. Search Amazon.com for books on: Amazon UK Amazon Canada Please send comments to David Wilson-Okamura at david@virgil.org

3. Roman Emperors - DIR Augustus Carter, JM, The Battle of Actium The Rise and Triumph of augustus caesar (New York, 1970). Shotter, DC, augustus caesar (London, 1991). http://www.roman-emperors.org/auggie.htm

Virtual Catalog of Roman Coins An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors DIR Atlas AUGUSTUS (31 B.C. - 14 A.D.) Garrett G. Fagan Pennsylvania State University Introduction The Background To understand Augustus, it is necessary to appreciate briefly the nature of the Roman Revolution and, in particular, the place of Julius Caesar within it. The Roman Republic had no written constitution but was, rather, a system of agreed-upon procedures crystallized by tradition (the mos maiorum ca . 100 BC onwards. These generals also used their provincial commands to extract money from the locals as a way of funding their domestic political ambitions. As the conflict in the state wore on, popular assemblies, the only avenue for the passage of binding legislation in the Roman Republic, routinely ended in disorder and rioting. The senatorial aristocracy, riven by internal disputes, proved incapable of dealing effectively with the mounting disorder, yet the alternative, monarchy, was not openly proposed by anyone. When civil war erupted between Pompey and Caesar in 49 BC, few could have been surprised. These two men were the strongest personalities in the state, each in command of significant military forces, and they were mutually antagonistic. The people had loved Caesar, even if his recent behavior had been disappointing

4. Lecture 12: Augustus Caesar And The Pax Romana Study of Augustus' reforms after his victory at Actium in 31 B.C. and their impact on creating the Pax Romana. From The History Guide site. http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture12b.html

Lecture 12 Augustus Caesar and the Pax Romana On the morning of March 15, 44 B.C., JULIUS CAESAR was assassinated by several members of the Roman Senate. This was just one month after he had declared himself dictator of the Roman world. In the wake of his death, three men moved forward to form a new triumvirate which would punish Caesar's assassins and then divide up the Roman world. The members of this triumvirate consisted of Marc Antony (consul), Lepidus (high official), and Octavian (the grand nephew of Caesar). Up to the year 37 B.C., there was relative peace in the Roman world. Brutus and Cassius were defeated in the Battle of Philippi (42 B.C.) and Cicero, perhaps the greatest thinker in the Roman world, had his hands and head cut off and placed in public display in the Forum. These three men headed a republican faction against Caesar for the simple reason that Caesar had claimed absolute power for himself. But in 37 B.C., stability appeared to disintegrate. Antony had married Octavian's sister but had also formed some sort of marriage contract with Cleopatra . In 31 B.C., Antony and Cleopatra's navy was beaten by Octavian's forces at Actium. Antony fled to Alexandria where Octavian eventually followed. Antony committed suicide while Cleopatra took the asp.

5. Augustus Caesar | First Roman Emperor Back to Resources Menu. Books About Augustus. augustus caesar s World Author Genevieve Foster A slice of history measured by the lifetime of augustus caesar. http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95sep/augustus.html

Resources Menu Categorical Index Library Gallery Augustus First Roman Emperor 63 B.C. - 14 C.E. He subjected the whole wide earth to the rule of the Roman people The Deeds of the Divine Augustus Emperor Augustus of Rome was born with the given name Gaius Octavius on September 23, 63 B.C. He took the name Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian) in 44 B.C. after the murder of his great uncle, Julius Caesar . In his will Caesar had adopted Octavian and made him his heir. Octavian was a shrewd, brilliant and astute politician. Through cold, hard political calculation he able to achieve power in Rome. At the time of Caesar's assassination, Octavian had no official power. Only after he marched on Rome and forced the senate to name him consul, was he established as a power to be reckoned with. In 43 B.C., Octavian, Marcus Antonius ( Marc Antony In 40 B.C., Antony married Octavia, Octavian's sister, and later deserted her for Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt. When Antony gave Roman provinces to his children by Cleopatra, Octavian declared war on Antony. In 31 B.C. the Roman Navy under Agrippa defeated the combined fleets of Antony and Cleopatra, and within a year both had committed suicide. In 27 B.C., the Roman Senate granted Octavian the name

6. Augustus Caesar [About.com] Links to articles and further information on biography, political life, and legacy of Caesar Augustus. http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/augustus/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About History Ancient / Classical History Home ... Trojan War Hero Achilles - Troy zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Atlas and Places - Where? Ancient Greece - Greek Ancient Rome - Romans ANE Egypt Persia Israel... ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About Ancient / Classical History newsletter. Search Ancient / Classical History Categories Atlas and Places - Where? (542) Maps of ancient geographic areas of the world. Information on countries, empires, cities, and other places in the ancient world. Also information on ethnic and cultural groups. Ancient Greece - Greek (639) Resources on ancient Greece and the ancient Greeks. Ancient Rome - Romans (678) Ancient Rome and ancient Roman history. The history of Ancient Rome, the history of the Roman Empire, and the Fall of Rome. ANE Egypt Persia Israel... (377) Resources on the ancient Near East, the cradle of civilization and the are surrounding the Mediterranean powers of Greece and Rome, including Egypt, Persia, Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, and Israel. Biographies / People - Who? (1532)

7. AUGUSTUS: IMAGES OF POWER Pictures and descriptions of monuments and artwork featuring augustus caesar. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/users/morford/augimage.html

AUGUSTUS: IMAGES OF POWER Mark Morford, Classics Department, University of Virginia To view larger images, click on the small images at the head of each section. Part 1: The Mausoleum (1-7) 1. The Campus Martius was a large low-lying area north of the Capitolium, lying outside the pomerium . Here the Roman people met under arms and practiced military training. Towards the end of the Republic the southern part became built up, and Augustus and his assistant, Agrippa, added many buildings and complexes for the use and benefit of the People. These included the Pantheon (rebuilt more than a century later by Hadrian) and the public Baths of Agrippa. The Mausoleum of Augustus, the Ustrinum (crematorium), and the Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace) were built in the northern part, beside the main road to the north, the Via Flaminia. 2. The Mausoleum of Augustus, seen here in a reconstruction, was begun in 28 BCE, the year of Octavian's triumphs for his victories over Cleopatra and other foreign enemies, and the year before he was given the title of Augustus. It consisted of a series of rising concentric circles of concrete with stone or marble facing. Between the upper circles evergreen trees were planted. The circular burial chamber was in the center, and from it rose a column on which was set a bronze statue of Augustus. Two Egyptian obelisks stood at the entrance, near which (exactly where is unknown) were placed two bronze tablets inscribed with Augustus' Res Gestae . The diameter of the Mausoleum was about 88 meters and its height (excluding the statue) about 44 m. Around the Mausoleum was a public park containing trees and paths.

8. Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius  (c.69-after 122 CE): The Divine Augustus Suetonius' nearcontemporary history of Octavian, later augustus caesar. In English; from Ancient History Sourcebook. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/suetonius-augustus.html

Back to Ancient History Sourcebook Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius (c.69-after 122 CE) The Divine Augustus 1. That the family of the Octavii was of the first distinction in Velitrae, is rendered evident by many circumstances. For in the most frequented part of the town there was, not long since, a street named the Octavian; and an altar was to be seen, consecrated to one Octavius, who being chosen general in a war with some neighbouring people, the enemy making a sudden attack, while he was sacrificing to Mars, he immediately snatched the entrails of the victim from off the fire, and offered them half raw upon the altar; after which, marching out to battle, he returned victorious. This incident gave rise to a law, by which it was enacted, that in all future times the entrails should be offered to Mars in the same manner; and the rest of the victim be carried to the Octavii. 5. Augustus was born in the consulship of Marcus Tullius Cicero and Gaius Antonius [63 BCE], upon the ninth of the calends of October [the 23rd September], a little before sunrise, in the quarter of the Palatine Hill, and the street called The Ox-Heads, where now stands a chapel dedicated to him, and built a little after his death. For, as it is recorded in the proceedings of the senate, Gaius Laetorius, a young man of a patrician family, in pleading before the senators for a lighter sentence, upon his being convicted of adultery, alleged, besides his youth and quality, that he was the possessor, and as it were the guardian, of the ground which the Divine Augustus first touched upon his coming into the world; and entreated that he might find favour, for the sake of that deity, who was in a peculiar manner his; an act of the senate was passed, for the consecration of that part of his house in which Augustus was born.

9. The Electronic Passport To Caesar Augustus Caesar Augustus. The two hundred year period that began with the rule of Caesar Augustus was known as the Pax Romana, or the Peace of Rome. . http://www.mrdowling.com/702-augustus.html

HOME TIME AND SPACE PREHISTORY MESOPOTAMIA ... Cleopatra Caesar Augustus Later Emperors Roman Technology The Legacy of Roman Government Latin ... Constantine and Constantinople Caesar Augustus With the death of Marc Antony in 31 BC , Octavian became the sole ruler of Rome. Octavian took measures to earn the loyalty of the Roman army. He encouraged the soldiers to retire from the army by providing them with land. Once the soldiers retired, Octavian did not have to be concerned with the army turning on him. Further, Octavian knew he could count on the soldiers' support if he was challenged by the Senate. Octavian restored peace and order to Rome. He made sure the lands throughout the empire were well run and taxes were fair. Octavian built massive roads and bridges, government buildings, and huge public baths. He said, "I left Rome a city of marble, though I found it a city of bricks." The Roman people awarded Octavian with the title Augustus, which means, "respected one." Many Romans deified Augustus after his death. This means they worshipped him as a god.

10. Feminae Romanae: The Women Of Ancient Rome Detailed biography of augustus caesar's legendary wife, Livia. http://dominae.fws1.com/Influence/Livia Augusta/Index.htm

FEMINAE ROMANAE: The Women of Ancient Rome L IVIA D RUSILLA, A UGUSTA: 58 BC - 29 AD Like Augustus , Livia stands alone in the history of Rome and of Roman women. If he was the Pater Patriae (Father of his country), surely she qualified as its Mater Patriae . She was the first woman in Roman history to be actively and influentially involved, although artfully behind the scenes, in almost all major decisions of Augustus' extraordinary 45 years of absolute power. He trusted her to such an extent that he left his personal seal - the most powerful "signature" in the ancient world - to her to use use when he traveled abroad. She was the first woman deified in Roman history by the Emperor Claudius, her grandson. She was the mother of Emperor Tiberius , grandmother of Caligula and Claudius , great-grandmother of Nero . The fact that, thanks to Tacitus and Suetonius, unsavory rumors about her use and abuse of power have circulated for 1900 years only adds to her unique mystery. However disguised her use of power, Cassius Dio could write of Livia, in the second century AD

11. Augustus Caesar | First Roman Emperor of history measured by the lifetime of augustus caesar. Timelines, charts and illustrations enhance the CLICK HERE to purchase this Hardcover edition of "augustus caesar's World" http://www2.lucidcafe.com/lucidcafe/library/95sep/augustus.html

Resources Menu Categorical Index Library Gallery Augustus First Roman Emperor 63 B.C. - 14 C.E. He subjected the whole wide earth to the rule of the Roman people The Deeds of the Divine Augustus Emperor Augustus of Rome was born with the given name Gaius Octavius on September 23, 63 B.C. He took the name Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian) in 44 B.C. after the murder of his great uncle, Julius Caesar . In his will Caesar had adopted Octavian and made him his heir. Octavian was a shrewd, brilliant and astute politician. Through cold, hard political calculation he able to achieve power in Rome. At the time of Caesar's assassination, Octavian had no official power. Only after he marched on Rome and forced the senate to name him consul, was he established as a power to be reckoned with. In 43 B.C., Octavian, Marcus Antonius ( Marc Antony In 40 B.C., Antony married Octavia, Octavian's sister, and later deserted her for Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt. When Antony gave Roman provinces to his children by Cleopatra, Octavian declared war on Antony. In 31 B.C. the Roman Navy under Agrippa defeated the combined fleets of Antony and Cleopatra, and within a year both had committed suicide. In 27 B.C., the Roman Senate granted Octavian the name

12. Augustus Caesar, 68 B.C. - A.D. 14 augustus caesar, 68 BC AD 14. The first shadow. Octavian, now known as augustus caesar ( sacred leader ), held absolute power. After http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/augustus.html

Augustus Caesar, 68 B.C. - A.D. 14 Antony's son by Fulvia, and Caesarion, son of Caesar and Cleopatra, were killed and in 29 B.C., Octavian returned to Rome in triumph and proclaimed universal peace throughout the Roman world. Although Octavian claimed to represent the best of republican Rome, the fact remains that whatever remained of the Republic was a mere shadow. Octavian, now known as Augustus Caesar ("sacred leader"), held absolute power. After a number of victories, he suffered one defeat in 9 B.C. when the Roman army was annihilated by Germanic tribes under Arminius (18 B.C.-A.D. 19). Following this defeat, Augustus maintained a policy of domestic improvement and reform so sweeping that the the period of his rule and for almost two centuries after his death, was called the Augustan Age. Augustus died at Nola in A.D. 14 and was succeeded by his stepson, Tiberius (42 B.C.-A.D. 37) I found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble. More Information Read Garrett G. Fagan's (Penn State) outstanding essay on

13. Royalty.nu - The Roman Empire - Augustus Caesar, Emperor Of Rome A biography of Octavian or Octavius, who became augustus caesar, first emperor of Rome; books and links about Augustus. Augustus Books About Augustus ·. Videos About Augustus. Search. Augustus http://www.royalty.nu/Europe/Rome/Augustus.html

Royalty.nu World Royalty Europe Italy ... Ancient Rome > Augustus > Books About Augustus Videos About Augustus Search Augustus Caesar The Dictator's Heir In 44 BC, a sickly 18-year-old boy named Gaius Octavius received two shocking pieces of news. Number one: His grandmother's brother, the Roman dictator Julius Caesar , had been murdered. Number two: In his will, Caesar had named young Octavius as his heir. It was dangerous for anyone, much less an inexperienced boy, to try to step into the dictator's shoes, but against the advice of his family Octavius boldly went to Rome to claim his inheritance. He met opposition from the powerful politician Mark Antony, who had seized Caesar's money and papers and was claiming that he was Caesar's heir and successor. Nonetheless, Octavius took the name Gaius Julius Caesar, quickly won the allegiance of many of his great-uncle Julius's supporters, and assumed a role in government. (Historians usually refer to him as "Octavian" in the early part of his career, short for Octavianus, although he did not use this name himself.) At first Octavian worked with Mark Antony; in fact, Antony even married Octavian's sister, Octavia. But eventually the ambitious Antony joined forces with the ruler of Egypt

14. Caesar Augustus - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Caesar Augustus. (Redirected from augustus caesar). Enlarge augustus caesar. Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus Augustus (23 September http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Caesar

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Page history ... Printable version Not logged in Log in Help Other languages: Dansk Deutsch Esperanto Eesti ... Svenska Caesar Augustus (Redirected from Augustus Caesar Augustus Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus Augustus 23 September 63 BC 19 August AD ), known earlier in his life as Octavian , was the first Roman Emperor . Although he preserved the outward form of the Roman Republic , he ruled as an autocrat for more than 40 years. He ended a century of civil wars and gave Rome an era of peace, prosperity, and imperial greatness. He is generally known to historians by the title "Augustus" (revered one), which he acquired in 27 BC Augustus was born at Rome with the name Gaius Octavius Thurinus . His father, also Gaius Octavius, came from a respectable but undistinguished family of the equestrian order and was governor of Macedonia before his death in 58 BC . More importantly, his mother Atia was the niece of Rome's greatest soldier and de facto ruler, Julius Caesar . In 46 BC Caesar, who had no legitimate children, took his grand-nephew soldiering in Spain, and adopted him as his heir (see also adoption in Rome ). He then took the name Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus.

15. From Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus To Roman Emperor Augustus Caesar Search. Ancient / Classical History From Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus to Emperor augustus caesar. An article by NS Gill, Ancient/Classical History Guide. http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/weekly/aa092397.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About History Ancient / Classical History Biographies / People - Who? ... Trojan War Hero Achilles - Troy zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Atlas and Places - Where? Ancient Greece - Greek Ancient Rome - Romans ANE Egypt Persia Israel... ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About Ancient / Classical History newsletter. Search Ancient / Classical History From Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus to Emperor Augustus Caesar An article by N.S. Gill , Ancient/Classical History Guide Related Resources Augustan Age Roman Consuls Elsewhere on the Web An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors Augustus (31 B.C. - 14 A.D.) The Julian marriage laws (nos. 120-123, etc.) Three men in a vote Suetoni Tranquilii Vita Divi Augusti (Suetonius' Life of Augustus) ... The Catholic Encyclopedia "Augustus" "If ye love wealth better than liberty, the tranquility of servitude better than the animating contest of freedom, go home from us in peace. We ask not your counsels or your arms. Crouch down and lick the hands which feed you. May your chains set lightly upon you, and may posterity forget that ye were our countrymen." -Samuel Adams CAIUS JULIUS CAESAR OCTAVIANUS (62 B.C.-14 A.D.), the grand-nephew and primary heir of Julius Caesar

16. Augustus Caesar augustus caesar. Dynasty XXXII. 63 B.C.E. 14 C.E. Octavian Augustus is known as the first, and one of the greatest, Roman Emperors ever. http://www.anthro.mankato.msus.edu/prehistory/egypt/history/people/augustus.html

Augustus Caesar Dynasty XXXII 63 B.C.E. - 14 C.E. Octavian Augustus is known as the first, and one of the greatest, Roman Emperors ever. Octavian enabled the long, peaceful time of the Pax Romana by changing Rome from a fragile, crumbling republican government to a mighty empire. Octavian was born on September 23, 63 B.C.E. His great-uncle was Julius Caesar and, therefore, he had many political connections in Rome. Caesar favored Octavian from an early age. In 48 B.C.E., Caesar had his fifteen-year-old great nephew elected to the priestly college of the pontifices, and he also enrolled him in the hereditary patrician aristocracy of Rome. Octavian joined Caesar in 46 B.C.E. on a campaign against Pompey Cleopatra and Antony. Octavian defeated his foes at the naval battle of Actium and became sole ruler of Rome. In 27 B.C.E., Octavian made a bold and clever political move by declaring the Republican Government restored. He immediately offered to resign from the position of consul, but the Senate, instead of accepting his offer, decided to give him the position of princeps. The Senate also gave him the name Augustus, meaning "revered one". The Senate decided to give Octavian control of the provinces of Gaul, Syria, Spain and Egypt. These areas had large numbers of troops stationed within their borders giving Octavian almost total military authority. While the household managed the daily affairs of the empire, Octavian made it his duty to beautify the city. He once said that he had found the city in brick, and left it in marble. Octavian reformed the tax system by taking a census to determine how much each province should pay in taxes. He held strong beliefs in traditional Roman religion. He restored over 80 temples and passed strict moral laws that mirrored older Roman values. When Octavian died in C.E. 14, his achievements seemed remarkable, and they would only become more remarkable as time passed. Octavian had adopted his stepson Tiberius and made it clear he would be his successor.

17. Augustus An essay about the government and social reforms instituted by augustus caesar after the collapse of the Roman Republic. http://www.geocities.com/SouthBeach/Tidepool/8194/index11.html

Steve Juanico Dr. Martin Pine ACE Social Science Seminar 015 19 December 1997                         The reforms of Augustus solved the major problems                         of the late Roman Republic.  Show fully how 4 major                         reforms of Augustus  solved the problems of the late                         Roman Republic.         Two of the most destructive problems facing the late Roman Republic were the instability and disunity caused by incessant civil wars.  Rome's rapid expansion, after the Punic Wars, resulted in socioeconomic changes that permanently divided the state.  Both aristocratic and plebeian parties sought total control of Rome and tried to destroy each other.  Civil war was the continuation of party politics by other means.  Consequently, the power of the military became supreme.  Control of Rome's armies steadily shifted away from the legitimate government to the generals because the soldiers began to give their allegiance to their generals rather than to the civil authorities.  On dismissal from military service, the legionnaires had no farms to return to, and they

18. Augustus Caesar Contents Index. augustus caesar. The augustus caesar mentioned in Acts 2521, 25, for instance, is not Octavian but Nero. Return to Bible History Online. http://www.bible-history.com/augustus/AUGUSTUSAugustus_Caesar.htm

Contents Index Augustus Caesar That the empire survived the civil wars that destroyed the republic was largely due to the long life (63 B.C.-14 A.D.) and political skill of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, later known as Augustus. In 44 B.C. Octavian, great nephew and adopted son of the murdered dictator, rallied Caesar's veterans and used them first against Marc Antony, the chief leader of the Caesarians, and then in alliance with Antony and Lepidus (the Second Triumvirate), against the republicans. Proscriptions caused the death of some 300 senators and 2000 nobles. Opponents of the triumvirate were defeated, and much property was made available with which to reward the troops. After Brutus and Cassius had been defeated at Philippi (42 B.C.), and Mark Antony and Cleopatra at Actium (31 B.C.), Octavian was now without opposition and master of the empire. See Image of Octavian Octavian brought peace to the Roman Empire and became a popular leader. In 27 B.C., the Senate voted to give him the title Augustus , which means "the respected one."

19. Writings From The Time Of Augustus Caesar Writings From the Time of augustus caesar. augustus caesar. Decree Issued by Emperor Augustus, 4 BC. The Emperor Caesar Augustus declares http://mrsedivy.com/r_augustus.html

Mr. Sedivy's History Classes: More Features: Highlands Ranch High School - Mr. Sedivy Highlands Ranch, Colorado World History Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire Writings From the Time of Augustus Caesar Augustus Caesar Decree Issued by Emperor Augustus, 4 BC The Emperor Caesar Augustus declares: "A decree of the senate was passed ... and I was present at the writing. Since it affects the welfare of the allies of the Roman people, I have decided to send it into the provinces ... so that it may be known to all who are under our care. From this it will be evident to all the inhabitants of the provinces how much both I and the senate are concerned that none of our subjects should suffer any improper treatment or any extortion." Decree of the Senate Concerning matters affecting the security of the allies of the Roman people which the Emperor Caesar Augustus ... desired to be brought before the senate, the senate passed the following decree: Our ancestors established a legal process for victims of extortion so that the allies might more easily be able to take action for any wrongs done them and recover monies forcibly taken from them. This type of process has sometimes been very expensive and troublesome for those who have been victimized. For example, poor people or persons weak with illness or age are dragged from far-distant provinces as witnesses. Therefore, in light of the above, the Senate decrees the following:

20. Rome: The Age Of Augustus The eleventh chapter of the learning module, Rome; this chapter is a short history of the life and history of Octavian, augustus caesar as well as his http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ROME/AUGUSTUS.HTM

princeps himself. To this end, Augustus appointed a cultural advisor, Maecenas, to aid him in extending patronage to poets. The result was an incredibly powerful system for identifying the best poets who could further the ideology of the Augustan government. Rome Glossary Pietas Virtus Eclogues , are often blatantly political in nature. In the first Eclogue , Vergil criticizes Augustus' policies of granting agricultural land to soldiers since these land grants displace poor farmers already living there. However, in the fourth Eclogue , Vergil produces a "prophecy" poem about the birth of Augusts as a savior of the world, bringing peace and law. Since Vergil lived so close to the birth of Christ, the Christians of medieval Europe would interpret the poem as a prophecy about the birth of Christ and give Vergil, a pagan, a kind of honorary status as a Christian poet. Vergil's second work is a versified manual on farming called The Georgics , which had as its subject not only the agricultural life, agrarian values (which the Romans saw as the core set of values in their culture), but also speculation on the natural world and the role of poetry. But Vergil's greatest contribution to Roman literature was the Aeneid , an epic, heroic poem about the founding of Roman civilization by Aeneas, a Trojan hero in flight from the destruction of Troy. The subject of the

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