61. Mathematical Astronomy Index history Topics Mathematical astronomy Index. Cosmology. Greek astronomy. http//wwwhistory.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Indexes/astronomy.html. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Indexes/Astronomy.html

62. MSN Encarta - Astronomy, History Of Advertisement. astronomy, history of. astronomy, history of, history ofthe science that deals with all the celestial bodies in the universe. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572208/Astronomy_History_of.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Send us feedback Related Items Archaeoastronomy Astronomy more... Magazines Search the Encarta Magazine Center for magazine and news articles about this topic Further Reading Editors' Picks Astronomy, History of News Search MSNBC for news about Astronomy, History of Internet Search Search Encarta about Astronomy, History of Search MSN for Web sites about Astronomy, History of Also on Encarta Editor's picks: Good books about Iraq Compare top online degrees What's so funny? The history of humor Also on MSN Summer shopping: From grills to home decor D-Day remembered on Discovery Switch to MSN in 3 easy steps Our Partners Capella University: Online degrees LearnitToday: Computer courses CollegeBound Network: ReadySetGo Kaplan Test Prep and Admissions Encyclopedia Article from Encarta Advertisement Astronomy, History of Multimedia 30 items Article Outline Introduction Ancient Origins Babylonian Astronomy Greek Astronomy ... The Cosmos I Introduction Print Preview of Section Astronomy, History of

63. MSN Encarta - Astronomy, History Of Encyclopedia Article, from, Encarta, Advertisement.Page 2 of 2. astronomy, history of. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572208_2/Astronomy_History_of.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Send us feedback Related Items Archaeoastronomy Astronomy more... Magazines Search the Encarta Magazine Center for magazine and news articles about this topic Further Reading Editors' Picks Astronomy, History of News Search MSNBC for news about Astronomy, History of Internet Search Search Encarta about Astronomy, History of Search MSN for Web sites about Astronomy, History of Also on Encarta Editor's picks: Good books about Iraq Compare top online degrees What's so funny? The history of humor Also on MSN Summer shopping: From grills to home decor D-Day remembered on Discovery Switch to MSN in 3 easy steps Our Partners Capella University: Online degrees LearnitToday: Computer courses CollegeBound Network: ReadySetGo Kaplan Test Prep and Admissions Encyclopedia Article from Encarta Advertisement Page 2 of 2 Astronomy, History of Multimedia 30 items Article Outline Introduction Ancient Origins Babylonian Astronomy Greek Astronomy ... The Cosmos X Nearby Stars Print Preview of Section Before the invention of the telescope the stars were regarded as merely a convenient backdrop for scanning the wanderings of the Sun, Moon, and planets. After the invention of the telescope, stars became a topic of astronomy in their own right.

64. Astronomy, History & Religion astronomy, history Religion. Islam. Hanukkah. JuliusCaesar. Heaven s Gate Cult. Stonehenge. Medicinal uses. http://collections.ic.gc.ca/universe/history.html

Islam Hanukkah Julius Caesar Heaven's Gate Cult Islam Hanukkah Julius Caesar Heaven's Gate Cult ... Medicinal uses

65. Historical Astronomy Division history is broadly interpreted to include traditional history of astronomy, archaeoastronomy,and the application of historical records to modern astrophysical http://www.aas.org/~had/had.html

Announcements Officers Meetings Membership in HAD ... Index to AAS Members' Obituaries In 1980 the Historical Astronomy Division (HAD) was established as one of the special subject divisions of the American Astronomical Society (AAS). Its purpose is to advance interest in topics relating to the historical nature of astronomy. History is broadly interpreted to include traditional history of astronomy, archaeoastronomy, and the application of historical records to modern astrophysical problems. Members of HAD include both historians of astronomy and astronomers with an interest in the history of their profession. var LastUpdated = document.lastModified; document.writeln ("Last updated: " + LastUpdated); by Ronald Brashear email: brashearr@si.edu Return to AAS Home Page

66. Greek Astronomy - History For Kids! Main Greek science page Main astronomy page. Buy H4K gifts. H4K home. Help us helpyou Please take our survey! Who we are - Advertise on history for Kids! http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/science/astronomy/

China India West Asia Greece ... Religion The Web Just H4K H4K Lesson Plans for Teachers Parents' Corner H4K Crafts and Projects Greek Astronomy The art of astrology , the study of the stars in order to predict future events, and to interpret people's characters, was already very advanced before the Greeks began to interest themselves in the stars. The Egyptians and especially the Mesopotamians had done a lot of scientific observations and had named the constellations of stars, and many individual stars. The Greek contribution to astronomy was not so much in observation as it was in applying logical thinking and geometry to these observations. That is how Greek scientists figured out that the earth went around the sun , calculated the size of the earth, and understood that the moon went around the earth, so that they could understand what caused an eclipse. Main Greek science page Main astronomy page Buy H4K gifts H4K home ... Send H4K mail TIMELINE: Before 10,000 BC

67. Astronomy/History - Encyclopedia Article About Astronomy/History. Free Access, N encyclopedia article about astronomy/history. astronomy/history in Free onlineEnglish dictionary, thesaurus and encyclopedia. astronomy/history. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Astronomy/History

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Astronomy/History Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition Astronomy Astronomy , which etymologically means " law of the stars Click the link for more information. is probably the eldest natural science The natural sciences study the physical, nonhuman aspects of the world. As a group, the natural sciences are distinguished from the social sciences, on the one hand, as well as from the arts and humanities on the other. Natural sciences generally attempt to explain the workings of the world via natural processes rather than divine processes. The term natural science is also used to differentiate between "science" as a discipline following the scientific method, and "science" as a field of knowledge generally, e.g. computer science or even "the science of theology". Click the link for more information. , dating back to antiquity The span of recorded history is roughly 5,000-5,500 years, with cuneiform possibly being the oldest form of writing. Genetic evidence, however, points to the first appearance of human beings about 150,000 years ago. There is also a growing body of evidence that Homo sapiens first left Africa about 60,000 years ago. For further information about human origins, see Evolution of Homo sapiens. Click the link for more information.

68. History Of Astronomy People have always gazed in wonder at the Sun, Moon, and stars, but astronomy canbe said to have really started when the Mesopotamians, Egyptians, and Chinese http://kosmoi.com/Science/Astronomy/History/

EncycloZine Astronomy Biology Chemistry ... A Brief History of Time : The Updated and Expanded Tenth Anniversary Edition STEPHEN HAWKING The Book Nobody Read: Chasing the Revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus Owen Gingerich Tibaldo and the Hole in the Calendar Abner Shimony, Jonathan Shimony Recommendation: On the Shoulders of Giants Stephen Hawking The Transits of Venus William Sheehan, John Edward Westfall Kepler's Witch : An Astronomer's Discovery of Cosmic Order Amid Religious War, Political Intrigue, and the Heresy Trial of His Mother James A. Connor Bad Astronomy: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Astrology to the Moon Landing "Hoax" Philip C. Plait Don't Know Much About the Universe : Everything You Need to Know About Outer Space but Never Learned Kenneth C. Davis Heavenly Intrigue : Johannes Kepler, Tycho Brahe, and the Murder Behind One of History's GreatestScientific Discoveries ANNE-LEE GILDER, JOSHUA GILDER Coming of Age in the Milky Way TIMOTHY FERRIS History of Astronomy About Us A - Z Site Map Top Pages ... Cell Phones See also: Kosmoi.com

69. History Of Astronomy Gene Smith s astronomy Tutorial A Brief history of astronomy, astronomy is theoldest of the sciences. history of astronomy Archaeoastronomy Links. http://cassfos02.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/History.html

University of California, San Diego Gene Smith's Astronomy Tutorial A Brief History of Astronomy Astronomy is the oldest of the sciences. When Stoneage humans turned to an agrarian way of life and began to settle into communities, their interest must naturally have turned to the "heavens": The seasons became important; during different times of the year, different stellar patterns appear in the sky. In the spring, Virgo and her accompanying constellations signal the time to prepare the earth, to plant crops, and to be wary of floods. In the fall, Orion rises to indicate time to harvest and to prepare for winter. The approximate equivalence of the human menstrual cycle and the 30 day orbital period of the Moon which produces lunar phases led to the belief that the heavens, and the Moon in particular, were related to fertility. (What is the Moon's phase right now To early humans facing an uncertain and changeable future, the constancy of the heavens must have suggested perfection and certainly led to deification in many cultures. We may expect that eclipses would have been especially frightening to early humans. After predicting the seasons, eclipse prediction may have been one of the earliest astronomical activities.

70. Calendars And Their History of mathematical astronomy in India. Although he does not deal explicitly with calendrics,this material is necessary for a full understanding of the history of http://astro.nmsu.edu/~lhuber/leaphist.html

This information is reprinted from the Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac , P. Kenneth Seidelmann, editor, with permission from University Science Books, Sausalito, CA 94965. Another place on the WWW to look for calendar information is Calendar Zone. Calendars by L. E. Doggett 1. Introduction A calendar is a system of organizing units of time for the purpose of reckoning time over extended periods. By convention, the day is the smallest calendrical unit of time; the measurement of fractions of a day is classified as timekeeping. The generality of this definition is due to the diversity of methods that have been used in creating calendars. Although some calendars replicate astronomical cycles according to fixed rules, others are based on abstract, perpetually repeating cycles of no astronomical significance. Some calendars are regulated by astronomical observations, some carefully and redundantly enumerate every unit, and some contain ambiguities and discontinuities. Some calendars are codified in written laws; others are transmitted by oral tradition. The common theme of calendar making is the desire to organize units of time to satisfy the needs and preoccupations of society. In addition to serving practical purposes, the process of organization provides a sense, however illusory, of understanding and controlling time itself. Thus calendars serve as a link between mankind and the cosmos. It is little wonder that calendars have held a sacred status and have served as a source of social order and cultural identity. Calendars have provided the basis for planning agricultural, hunting, and migration cycles, for divination and prognostication, and for maintaining cycles of religious and civil events. Whatever their scientific sophistication, calendars must ultimately be judged as social contracts, not as scientific treatises.

71. UAO - History Of Astronomy In Uppsala A brief history of astronomy at Uppsala University Uppsala University wasfounded in 1477 and is the oldest of the scandinavian universities. http://www.astro.uu.se/history/

History of astronomy in Uppsala UAO Home Research Education Institute A brief history of astronomy at Uppsala University Uppsala University was founded in 1477 and is the oldest of the scandinavian universities. Preserved lecture notes from the 1480's show that lectures in astronomy were given at the philosophical faculty. There is no certain evidence of a professorship in astronomy until 1593 when the university was reerected after a period of decline following the Lutheran reformation. An observatory, a tower built on the roof of a professor's house, exisisted already in the 1650's. Professor Anders Spole also created an observatory on his roof in 1680, which was destroyed by the devastating city fire of 1702. The first real observatory though was the Celsius Observatory in the centre of Uppsala, founded through the efforts of the famous astronomy professor Anders Celsius in 1741. The Old Observatory , situated in the central parts of Uppsala today, was inaugurated in 1853 and received its first main instrument, a 9 inch refractor in 1860. The use of the photographic technique in astronomy began in Uppsala with the installation of a

72. HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY IN ANCIENT INDIA Eclipse calculation, heliocentric theory, size of the world. http://india.coolatlanta.com/GreatPages/sudheer/astro.html

You are watching India.CoolAtlanta.com -> Culture -> Sudheer Ancient India's Contribution to ASTRONOMY "In India I found a race of mortals living upon the Earth. but not adhering to it. Inhabiting cities, but not being fixed to them, possessing everything but possessed by nothing". - Apollonius Tyanaeus - Greek Thinker and Traveller 1st Century AD This temple was dedicated to Surya - the sun god Surya was referred to, in Vedic literature as the creator who himself revolves causing existence. Astronomy is one area which has fascinated all mankind from the beginnings of history. In India the first references to astronomy are to be found in the Rig Veda which is dated around 2000 B.C. Vedic Aryans in fact deified the Sun, Stars and Comets. Astronomy was then interwoven with astrology and since ancient times Indians have involved the planets (called Grahas) with the determination of human fortunes. The planets Shani, i.e. Saturn and Mangal i.e. Mars were considered inauspicious. Table of Contents Home Introduction Chapter 1: Production Technology and Mechanical Engineering Chapter 2 Shipbuilding and Navigation Chapter 3 Architecture and Civil Engineering Chapter 4 Mathematics You are currently viewing the Chapter 5 on Astronomy Chapter 6 Physics and Chemistry Chapter 7 Medical Science Chapter 8 Fine Arts Chapter 9 Sports and Games Chapter 10 Philosophy Chapter 11 Summing Up Glossary Sanskrit-English Glossary Next Book A Search for Our Present in History In the working out of horoscopes (called Janmakundali), the position of the Navagrahas, nine planets plus Rahu and Ketu (mythical demons, evil forces) was considered. The Janmakundali was a complex mixture of science and dogma. But the concept was born out of astronomical observations and perception based on astronomical phenomenon. In ancient times personalities like Aryabhatta and Varahamihira were associated with

73. History Of The American Astronomical Society history of the Society. A Project of the Historical astronomy Division of the AmericanAstronomical Society, sponsored by the Society in preparation for its http://www.aas.org/~had/toc.html

History of the Society A Project of the Historical Astronomy Division of the American Astronomical Society, sponsored by the Society in preparation for its Centennial Year. This project is under development by Brant L. Sponberg and David H. DeVorkin. All comments and suggestions should be directed to DeVorkin at david.devorkin@nasm.si.edu The Origin of the A.A.S. How the Society got its Name Policies and Practices ... Earlier American Astronomical Societies Past AAS Meetings Meetings to December 1920 Meetings from August 1921 to December 1940 Meetings from September 1941 to June 1951 Bibliography (contains all references cited in the essays) [ Return to HAD Home Page AAS Home Page by Ronald Brashear email: brashearr@sil.si.edu

74. The Infography About Astronomy -- History -- 19th And 20th Centuries Sources recommended by a professor whose research specialty is the history of astronomy.Search The Infography astronomy history 19th and 20th Centuries. http://www.infography.com/content/330436277822.html

Search The Infography: Astronomy History 19th and 20th Centuries The following sources are recommended by a professor whose research specialty is the history of astronomy. Six Superlative Sources Dick, Wolfgang R., Astronomiae Historia / History of Astronomy . Superb website with links to practically all the good history of astronomy on the web. http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/astoria.html Clerke, Agnes, A Popular History of Astronomy during the Nineteenth Century (Adam and Charles Black, 1885, 1887, 1893, 1902; reprinted by Scholarly Press, 1977). Struve, Otto and Velta Zebergs, Astronomy of the 20th Century (Macmillan 1962). Gingerich, Owen, ed., Astrophysics and Twentieth-Century Astronomy to 1950: Part A. The General History of Astronomy, Vol. 4 (Cambridge Univ. Press 1984). Lang, Kenneth R. and Owen Gingerich, eds., A Source Book in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1900-75 (Harvard Univ. Press, 1979). Original papers with commentary. Tenn, Joseph S., The Bruce Medalists Brief biographies, pictures, and references for more than 90 astronomers awarded medals for lifetime achievement. http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/brucemedalists/ Other Excellent Sources O'Connor, John J and Edmund F. Robertson

75. Starry Messenger The Starry Messenger is Phase I of the Electronic history of astronomy developedin the Whipple Museum of the history of Science and the Department of history http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/

Links Instruments Armillary Sphere Astronomical Tables Medieval Books Early Modern Books ... Celestial Globes Themes Astrology Calendar Reform Mathematical Techniques Weather Prediction Personalities Hipparchus Ptolemy Ibn Yunus Sacrobosco ... Kepler General Pages Home Maps Index Search Starry Messenger The Starry Messenger is Phase I of the Electronic History of Astronomy developed in the Whipple Museum of the History of Science and the Department of History and Philosophy of Science. This phase was directed by Dr Sachiko Kusukawa and Dr Liba Taub, and supported by funding from Trinity College, Cambridge. Dr David Chart was the Project Manager. The aim of this project is to make available electronically some aspects of the early history of astronomy for the use of students studying the History and Philosophy of Science in the University. The project has aspired to be 'educational' in another sense in that graduate students in the Department have contributed to its construction. By drawing on the rich collection of instruments and books in the Whipple Collection, the University Library and the Wren Library, we have sought to produce a history of astronomy which focuses on the uses of astronomy and its instruments, as well as on the practitioners of astronomy. We hope that this project goes some way towards illustrating the variety of uses (astrology, weather prediction, calendar reform) and inspirations (e.g. poetry), people in past societies and cultures found in astronomy.

76. SOFA - Standard Object For Astronomy - History Standard Objects For astronomy. http://sofa.astro.utoledo.edu/SOFA/sofa_history.html

S tandard O bjects F or A stronomy Home History Motivation Info Pages modifications ( e.g .: new link addition) are notified here: 10th October 1999 links to: The revised catalog of MK spectra types for the cooler stars, Libraries of stellar spectra, 13th General Catalogue of MK spectral classification 14th July 1999 links to: CADC, skycat, Hypercat, papers: Wrobel et al. (1998) (and related), Massey et al. (1988, 1990), Silva et al. (1992), Jacoby et al. (1984), Zombeck (1990) 12th April 1999 link to WEBDA 05th April 1999 links to LEDA, NED, GSC, Aladin, SkyView, Irsky, USNO links for polarimetric standards mirror sites for database have been removed for clarity, a note has been written in Info 30th March 1999 first release Last update: 10th October 1999 Address : http://www.astro.umontreal.ca/~corporon/sofa.html or http://www-laog.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr/~corporon/sofa.html Maintained by Patrice Corporon - Thank you for sending me your comments

77. Adler / Historical Collections When Max Adler founded the Adler Planetarium astronomy Museum in 1930, he recognizedthe need to exhibit artifacts from the history of astronomy as well as http://www.adlerplanetarium.org/history/index.shtml

Adler Historical Collections ANNOUNCEMENT: the Adler Planetarium has made public a basic collections database, for queries from the Web. The interface is not final. You get a search field, and a button which will search the database fields for instrument name, maker, instrument description, and accession number. (Accession number needs to have a hyphen, e.g. M-1). The query returns those four fields for all matches, plus a (small, black and white) inventory photo. Please report problems and feature requests to astrohistory@adlernet.org . Also, look for future enhancements!!! Search our collections through the Adler History Database The Adler's historical collections of astronomical instruments and rare books are among the finest in the world. In addition to the Zeiss planetarium projector, he purchased a collection of about 500 astronomical, navigational, and mathematical instruments from A. W. M. Mensing in the Netherlands. These instruments formed the foundation of the Adler's History of Astronomy Collection, which has since grown to almost 2000 historic instruments. This makes it the largest collection of such material in the Western Hemisphere and one of the largest and most important in the world. In addition to housing these instruments, the History of Astronomy Department is home to a significant library of rare books, a collection of astronomically-themed works on paper, and a modern reference library and research center.

78. Adler Planetarium / Learning Astronomy / History / Astronomers / Johannes Heveli His second wife, Elisabetha, can be considered one of the earliest recorded femaleastronomers. They last appeared in an exhibit on Polish astronomy in 2001. http://www.adlerplanetarium.org/learn/history/astronomers/hevelius01.ssi

Johannes Hevelius (1611-1687) Johannes Hevelius (pictured left) was born and spent most of his life in Gdansk, Poland. A brewer by trade, Hevelius dedicated much of his life to hours of astronomical observation, published numerous books, and compiled 17 volumes of his correspondence with astronomers and other scientists throughout Europe. He received financial support from royalty such as King Jan III Sobieski of Poland and King Louis XIV of France. His second wife, Elisabetha, can be considered one of the earliest recorded female astronomers. Hevelius's training as an artist (in both drawing and engraving) enabled him to control every aspect of the production of his illustrations, from observation to press, eliminating the need for an assistant who might introduce errors or misinterpret his sketches. Hevelius's first major undertaking as an astronomer was a comprehensive project to map the lunar surface. Hevelius compiled painstaking observations between November of 1643 and April of 1645, making drawings of each phase of the Moon over its 28 day cycle. If bad weather or another mishap caused Hevelius to miss observing a particular phase, he had to wait an entire month for another chance. The phase drawings and three full-scale Moon maps were published in 1647 as the Selenographia . The first map showed the full Moon as it would be seen through a telescope with no shadows. It showed defined craters and other lunar surface features, though their real nature was still unknown at the time. The second map introduced Hevelius's unique system of names for the features of the Moon. The third map emphasized the craters of the Moon, with Hevelius artificially drawing in shadows similar to those which would be seen in much earlier or later Moon phase.

79. History Of Astronomy - Academic Info Academic Info history of astronomy Directory of Online Resources Home Search Index Contact Test Prep Degree Programs Student Center Study Break http://www.academicinfo.net/astrohist.html

Academic Info History of Astronomy - Directory of Online Resources Home Search Index Contact ... Astronomy History History History of Science - Smithsonian - National Air and Space Museum [Feature] Articles Online Apollo 11 - 25 Years Later NASA Apollo 11 30th Anniversary Sections include: Introduction ; Astronaut Comments ; Bibliographies ; Biographies ; Documents ; Galleries ; Timelines ; Links. Apollo 11 Landing "This document is meant to provide an introduction to the Apollo 11 mission and an outline of mission activities. It provides information at a "general interest" level. It also offers links to more detailed information at this and other sites." NASA Lunar and Planetary Institute Apollo 13 NASA Apollo 13 Accident Brief summary Apollo 13 Mission Johnson Space Center The Art of Renaissance Science Galileo and Perspective By Joseph W. Dauben, CUNY

80. Biennial History Of Astronomy Workshops Find out about the Seventh Biennial history of astronomy Workshop onthe NDVII page. Welcome to the web page for the Biennial history http://www.nd.edu/~histast4/

Find out about the Seventh Biennial History of Astronomy Workshop on the NDVII page Welcome to the web page for the Biennial History of Astronomy Workshops held at the University of Notre Dame. On this site, you'll find some history of the workshops, archival information from the previous four workshops, web links, and other information. For a description of each section shown on the right, see below, or click on the words to go to that section. History of the Workshops through Pictures History of the Workshops through Programs Exhibits Links NDVII Information History of the Workshops through Pictures In this section, you'll find pictures from past workshops. History of the Workshops through Programs In this section, you'll find programs from past workshops, including abstracts where available. Exhibits Here we will feature full-length papers from past workshops and keep an archive of syllabi from history of astronomy classes taught by participants of the workshops. Links We include links to web sites relevant to the workshops.

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