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Omar Khayyam 11th Century:     more detail

Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám. English, French and German Translations Comparatively Arranged in Accordance with the Text of Edward Fitzgerald’s Version with Further Selections, Notes, Biographies, Bibliography and Other Material Collected and Edited by Nathan Haskell Dole. by Omar (fl. 11th century). KHAYYÁM, 1896 11th-Century Mathematicians: Alhazen, Omar Khayyám, Shen Kuo, Abu Rayhan Biruni, Su Song, Abraham Bar Hiyya, Ibn Yunus 11th-Century Scientists: 11th-Century Mathematicians, Alhazen, Omar Khayyám, Shen Kuo, Abu Rayhan Biruni, Su Song, Abraham Bar Hiyya, Ibn Yunus

lists with details

41. Salam WorldWide
    RHYMES. Omar Khayyam. Abuol Fath Ebne Ebrahim , otherwise known asOmar Khayyam was born in the latter halh of the 11th. century.  
    http://salamworldwide.com/rhymes8th.html

42. Salam WorldWide
    Kamroff s novel, The Life, the Loves and the Adventures of Omar Khayyam, he is staffgather material from more than 300 books on 11th century Persian history  
    http://salamworldwide.com/khayyam7th.html

43. Maalouf, Amin
    around the history of the manuscript of the Rubaiyaat of Omar Khayyam, created in givesthe reader an exotic and vivid picture of the 11thcentury Persia, with  
    http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/M/Maalouf/Maalou
    
    Extractions: Lebanese journalist and novelist, whose native language was Arabic but who writes in French. Most of Maalouf's books have a historical setting. In 1993 he received the Prix de Goncourt for his novel Le rocher de tanios (The Rock of Tanios). His books are written with the skills of a master storyteller. They offer a refined and sensitive view of the values and attitudes of different cultures in the Middle East, Africa and Mediterranean world. Amin Maalouf was born in Beirut, Lebanon, as a Catholic Arab. His father, Ruchdi Maalouf, was a writer, teacher, and journalist. He attended Jesuit schools in Beirut and after studying sociology and economics, Maalouf continued the long family tradition and become a journalist. He worked for the leading Beirut daily an-Nahar and travelled in India, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Yemen, and Algeria, often covering wars and other conflicts. In 1975, frightened my Muslim and PLO strength, Christian militias attacked Muslims, which lead to civil war. The horrors of war entered Maalouf's own home land and in 1977 and he emigrated with his wife and three children to Paris, where they have lived ever since. Maalouf continued to work as a journalist, writing for

44. Moving Finger
    the rubaiyat - Omar Khayyam - 11th century. (or, perhaps moreaccurately, The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam by Edward FitzGerald).  
    http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?MovingFinger

45. Omar Khayyam
    Omar Khayyam, Period 1000 1500 AD Web links Advaita, Locality Asia CategorySufism. A Sufi mystic, scientist, and mathematician in the 11th century this man  
    http://www.inthelight.co.nz/spirit/gurus/khayy001.htm

46. TIMELINE 11th CENTURY Page Of ULTIMATE SCIENCE FICTION WEB GUIDE
    ibn AlHaytham, * the Persian poet/astronomer/mathematician Omar Khayyam, and* Gerbert The 11th century was still dominated by the spirit of the earlier  
    http://www.magicdragon.com/UltimateSF/timeline11.html
    
    Extractions: Return to Ultimate SF Table of Contents May be posted electronically provided that it is transmitted unaltered, in its entirety, and without charge. We examine both works of fiction and important contemporaneous works on non-fiction which set the context for early Science Fiction and Fantasy. There are hotlinks here to authors, magazines, films, or television items elsewhere in the Ultimate Science Fiction Web Guide or beyond. Most recently updated: 25 April 2003 [from 65 to 81 kilobytes]. This web page draws heavily on FACTS as listed in " The Timetables of Science Facts were also checked against " The 1979 Hammond Almanac " [ed. Martin A. Bacheller et al., Maplewood, New Jersey, 1978], p.795; and the Wikipedia . It also utilizes facts from Volume I of D.E. Smith's " History of Mathematics " [(c) 1921 by David Eugene Smith; (c) 1951 by May Luse Smith; New York: Dover, 1958]. Executive Summary of the 11th Century Major Books of the Decade 1000-1010 Major Books of the Decade 1010-1020 Major Books of the Decade 1020-1030 ... Where to Go for More : 51 Useful Reference Books This was a major century for the Vikings ; the Great Schism (1054) between the Western (Roman Catholic) and Eastern Orthodox churches; the

47. The Teahouse Garden
    Omar Khayyam, Persian astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, and poet, lived inNishapur, in what is He lived in the second half of the 11th century and first  
    http://www.boulder-dushanbe.org/garden.html
    
    Extractions: for Boulder The Choihona's gardens were the result of extraordinary efforts of the Boulder Garden Club and the Boulder County Rose Society, whose members donated much time and expertise, in addition to some of the plantings and bedding materials, in early 1998 before the Teahouse opened its doors in May of that year. "Images of Paradise in Islamic Art," p.15. Mikl Brawner and Eve Reshetnik of Harlequin's Nursery in North Boulder and current co-presidents of the Boulder County Rose Society, carefully chose the roses according to four criteria. The first was cold-heartiness; the second, fragrance; third, disease resistance; and fourth, how likely it is that they grow in Tajikistan. They worked closely with then-Rose Society President Dawn Penland. Mikl said that it although it was difficult to determine what species are actually found in Central Asia, his research leads him to believe that among the varieties represented at the teahouse the following have family members in or around Dushanbe: Persian Yellow, the orange-yellow shrub Austrian Copper, the light pink small shrub rosa haemisphaerica, and deep magenta-colored Rose de Rescht, which is an Old Garden Rose known for its especially sweet fragrance. It is believed that the world's first planned gardens were in Iran as early as the sixth Century B.C. A garden surrounded the tomb of Cyrus the Great at Pasargadae in what is now southern Iran. Throughout the centuries gardens, roses and other flowers have been praised by poets of the The Middle East and Central Asia. In the Koran, paradise is a garden.

48. MCPL: Readers' Café
    The history of Samarkand is told through the story of the manuscript of the Rubaiyaatof Omar Khayyam. From 11th century Samarkand to Persia and the fortress  
    http://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/apps/libraries/readerscafe/articledetails.asp?

49. BlueCharm Web Productions, LLC. - Client Study :: Omar Khayyam - The Persian Poe
    Omar Khayyam The Persian Poet, Visit Web Site. Overview A site dedicatedto the 11th-12th century Persian Post Omar Khayyam. Features  
    http://bluecharm.com/client/show_client.php?id=1

50. Cakebread Cellars : Wines: 1998 Rubaiyat
    English Romantic poet Edward Fitzgerald gave the title The Rubaiyat (RUbee-aht)of Omar Khayyam to his translations of the verses of the 11th-century Abu- l  
    http://www.napanet.net/~dennis/wines/98rubaiyat.html
    
    Extractions: Oh, wilderness were paradise enough! This quatrain from The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam inspired the name of this wine. And like the poet, we fashion our Rubaiyat so its flavors perfectly complement paradisiacal picnic and barbecue fare. Our poetic creation also goes extremely well with grilled and/or spicy foods; foods which otherwise would overwhelm a lighter white or rosé wine. Pinot noir has always been in the Rubaiyat blend, but the 1998 vintage is almost entirely pinot noir. To lend structure to the Pinot Noir's fresh fruit acidity, winemaker Bruce Cakebread also added a very small amount of syrah; this variety, long associated with the Rhone area of France and called Shiraz in Australia, enhances the Rubaiyat's overall structure. Aged over one year in new and year-old French oak barrels before being bottled, the 1998 Rubaiyat is produced in such limited quantities, only available at the winery. It is best enjoyed in its youth. We recommend, as we have in the past, that it be served just slightly chilled (but never cold); this will actually accentuate the 1998's vibrant raspberry and bright cherry flavors.

51. Poetry
    famous example of the roba i is the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, shown below FAREWELL,by Ibn Jakh (11th century, Andalusian) translated by Emilio Garcia Gomez  
    http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Literature, Poetry/Poetry.html
    
    Extractions: Literature (continued) Part II: Poetry A. Origins of Arabic Poetry The origins of Arabic poetry was with the nomads who traveled the desert. Arabic (and later Persian and Turkish poetry) was filled with beautiful similes, metaphors and images. There were five main types of poetry. The qasida - Before Islam the Arabs developed this type of poetry. It can have many lines, but all lines will end with the same rhyme . Originally, the poem opened with a love poem, then the account of the poet's journey. The main theme at the end was a tribute to the poet's

52. Medieval Sourcebook: Islam
    Omar Khayyam (d. 1123 CE) The Wisdom of the Supreme, c. 1120; Nizami (1140 SheikhNefzaoui The Perfumed Garden, 11th century CE/c. AH 925, translated by Sir  
    http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1d.html
    
    Extractions: Other History Sourcebooks: African East Asian Indian Islamic ... Byzantium Islam Roman Church Early Germans Celtic World Carolingians ... Exploration Contents Al-Andalus: Muslim Spain Muslim Persia Egypt and North Africa Muslim Religious Development The Turks General WEB Islamic History Sourcebook WEB Bibliography for Medieval Islam [At IGS] WEB Islamic Texts and Resources MetaPage [At MSA Buffalo]

53. Linked Senses "reference"
    Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam Omar Khayyam, philosopher, mathematician, astronomer andpoet century poet Edward FitzGerald brings these 11th century verses into  
    http://japan.park.org/Japan/Theme/linked/mar5/references/rubai.html

54. Hovhaness: Rubaiyat, Exile Symphony No. 1, Meditation, Woodprints (DE 3168)
    My tomb shall be in a spot where the north wind may scatter rosesover it, prophesied the 11th century Persian poet Omar Khayyam.  
    http://www.delosmus.com/item/de31/de3168.html
    
    Extractions: "My tomb shall be in a spot where the north wind may scatter roses over it," prophesied the 11th century Persian poet Omar Khayyam. The voice that created paradise out of wilderness, that extolled the glories of love and sensual pleasure, speaks again in Alan Hovhaness' setting of "The Rubaiyat" of Omar Khayyam. Actor Michael York's deeply affecting performance brings Omar Khayyam's timeless verses to life in this new recording of "The Rubaiyat" with conductor Gerard Schwarz and the Seattle Symphony. The "Exile Symphony" is Hovhaness' very personal tribute to his father. The 1930s witnessed severe persecution of Armenians in Turkey and their forced exile. The composer's own father was an Armenian exile, for many years a man without a country; and though he rarely spoke of his own experiences, he instilled in his American-born son a great compassion for the tragic plight of his people. In this moving work, one can hear oriental influences in the abundant melodic arcs and sense a connection to ancient civilizations in the modal tonalities.

55. Iranian Literature And Culture - The English Centre Of International PEN
    Omar Khayyam (11th century) was a poet and mathematician, who is chiefly knownto Englishspeaking readers for his most famous work, the Rubaiyat.  
    http://www.englishpen.org/writersintranslation/countries/iran/iranianliteraturea
    
    Extractions: Home About English PEN Membership Events ... International Membership See how you could benefit from being a member of PEN. more... Support PEN We rely on your support. Click here to make a donation. LITERATURE The first major literary works are the scriptures of Zoroastrianism and the Pahlavi writing of Parthian and Sassanian Iran. Our knowledge of this is limited, however, and all we have of it is some brief works in Middle Persian or Pahlavi which were preserved in the Zoroastrian communities. The Arab conquest in the 7th century made Arabic the literary language and Islam the dominant literary theme. Persian re-emerged as the literary language in te 9th century, and classical Persian literature flourished in the following centuries. The poetry of this period is held in particularly high esteem, and it was imitated in Asia Minor, Central Asia and the Muslim communities in India. One of the most famous poets of this period was Daqiqi, who was commissioned to write the epic Shahnameh (The Book of Kings ), the national epic. This gives the history of Iran to the end of the Sassanian period.

56. The Islamic World To 1600: The Arts, Learning, And Knowledge (Astronomy)
    In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist, Ibn al 9th century estimates ofthe length of a solar and the Jalali calendar, devised by Omar Khayyam in the  
    http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/learning/astronomy.html
    
    Extractions: The Islamic World to 1600 The medieval Islamic world also made significant advancements in the field of astronomy. Part of the reason for the Muslim interest in astronomy is unique to the Islamic faith, and grew from the Muslim attempt to solve practical problems. Because the Muslim calendar is a lunar calendar, for example, the ability to see, and even predict, the arrival of the new moon was fundamental to marking the beginning and ending of each month. This issue was particularly significant for the month of Ramadan, when fasting is required during the day, and for determining the date of the Hajj, the annual pilgrimage to Mecca. Secondly, the study of astronomy grew out of a need to map the coordinates of the stars, in order to determine the direction of Mecca from any city, because Muslims are required to face that direction when praying. These practical concerns for Muslims led to great advancements in astronomy. Observatories were first established in the Islamic world, in major cities such as Baghdad, Hamadan, Toledo, Maragha, Samarkand, and Istanbul, and new instruments were developed. The Muslim invention of the astrolabe, for example, was one of the most important in astronomy until the invention of the telescope in the 17th century. Muslims were also the first astronomers to challenge the long-accepted theories of Ptolemy and Aristotle regarding eclipses, planetary orbits, and the position of the stars. In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist, Ibn al-Haytham, measured the height of the earth's atmosphere to be the equivalent of about 52 kilometres; today we know it is about 50 kilometres. In the early 14th century, Ibn al-Shatir designed models for the movement of the moon and the planet Mercury, which are very similar to those later done by Copernicus in the 16th century.

57. Iranian Books - LITERATURE
    The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, an 11thcentury Persian astronomer-mathematician,has entranced English readers since Edward FitzGerald (1809-83  
    http://www.iranmehr.com/books/type.asp?iType=31&offset=40

58. Albania Postage Stamps 1997
    ALB1997C06. 20 lek Omar Khayyam. 50 lek Omar Khayyam. Albanian Codex. ALB1997K15.10 lek 11th century; 25 lek 6th century; 60 lek 6th century.  
    http://www.philately.com/philately/albania_1997.htm
    
    Extractions: 20 lek Omar Khayyam. 50 lek Omar Khayyam. Designer: ; Printer: ; Type: - ; Size: ; Arrangement: ; Paper: ; Perforation: 11.5; Watermark: ; Gum: - ; Color and Printing Method: Multicolored Lithography; Quantity: - ; Tagging: - ; Marginal Markings: - 20 lek Portrait. 60 lek Printing press. Designer: ; Printer: ; Type: - ; Size: ; Arrangement: ; Paper: ; Perforation: 11.5; Watermark: ; Gum: - ; Color and Printing Method: Multicolored Lithography; Quantity: - ; Tagging: - ; Marginal Markings: - 10 lek Curly Pelican. 80 lek Curly Pelican. Designer: ; Printer: ; Type: - ; Size: ; Arrangement: ; Paper: ; Perforation: 11.5; Watermark: ; Gum: - ; Color and Printing Method: Multicolored Lithography; Quantity: - ; Tagging: - ; Marginal Markings: - 30 lek The Legend of the Azure Eye. 100 lek The Legend of the Azure Eye. Designer: ; Printer: ; Type: - ; Size: ; Arrangement: ; Paper: ; Perforation: 11.5; Watermark: ; Gum: - ; Color and Printing Method: Multicolored Lithography; Quantity: - ; Tagging: - ; Marginal Markings: - 20 lek Male athlete.

59. An Astronomer Visits Iran Part VII: Omar Khayyam
    astronomer, Khayyam lived in the 11th and 12th to suffer the Mongol invasions of the13th century. primarily from Neishabour’s association with Omar Khayyam.  
    http://www.mssimmons.com/ms/iran/iran2002/Neishabour/Astronomony.com7.html
    
    Extractions: Omar Khayyam is perhaps the best known Persian poet in the west. An important mathematician and astronomer, Khayyam lived in the 11th and 12th centuries and is revered in Iran as something of a renaissance man. One of a long line of Persian and other Islamic scientists, Khayyam’s greatest accomplishments were as a mathematician, particularly his development of a new calendar. Before Khayyam, the solar calendar used for official purposes started over at year one with each change in government. The Islamic lunar calendar out of sync with both the official solar calendar and the seasons was often used by the populace. Khayyam developed the precise Persian solar calendar that is still used in Iran today. But it is a poet that he is celebrated; his collection of poetic works, Rubayyat, is one of the treasures of Persian literature. Now, 900 years later, Khayyam’s home town of Neishabour is a city of 500,000 located 70 miles west of Mashad, the capital of Iran’s largest province, Khorassan. Located in Iran’s extreme northeast abutting Afghanistan and Turkmenistan, the terrain and people of Korassan give it a distinctly central Asian appearance. With its proximity to the terminus of the Silk Road traveled by Marco Polo and succeeding caravans from Europe to China, Nesihabour was the first city in what is now Iran to suffer the Mongol invasions of the 13th century. As exotic as the other regions of Iran may seem to a westerner, Khorassan Province seems even more so to me with its Afghani influence and stark, rolling mountains.

60. Gregory XIII And The Calendar
    in the Catholic yearlength calculation — or copied it from Omar Khayyam, whohad actually figured it to 11 decimal places in the 11th century — and that  
    http://www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com/rants/0513almanac.htm
    
    Extractions: Indeed, it was politics that stopped the adoption of the new "Gregorian" calendar in Protestant countries. Catholic Europe, and especially the vehemently anti-Protestant Gregory, saw the new calendar as a weapon in the Counter-Reformation, a singularly stupid strategy. As a result, Protestant countries in particular, and also the United States, took centuries to adopt the Gregorian calendar, and Russia was one of the last to do so. In the papal bull Inter Gravissimas , signed on 24 February 1582 (Old Style), Pope Gregory XIII declared that October 4 should immediately be followed by October 15, omitting the ten days between. "In Protestant Germany, about the same period," A.D. White pointed out in his classic Warfare of Science with Theology Plieninger took a dislike to the new Gregorian calendar and published a volume of Brief Reflections , in which he insisted that the elements had given utterance to God's anger against it, calling attention to the fact that violent storms raged over almost all Germany during the very ten days which the Pope had taken out for the correction of the year, and that great floods began with the first days of the corrected year." (vi, p333) It would seem to the less credulous that, if God were really opposed to the new calendar, He might have taken more direct action against it.

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