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South America Archeology:     more books (49)

Archeological investigations south of Randall Creek and south of Bushkill Access and additional archeological investigations of the Stoehr Site, 36PI148, ... Lehman Township, Pike County, Pennsylvania by John R Wright, 1997 Evaluation of the condition of the Travis 2 archeological site, 39WW15, Oahe Reservoir, South Dakota, November 1979 ([Contribution / University of North Dakota Dept. of Anthropology and Archaeology) by Stanley A Ahler, 1980 An archeological synthesis of south-central and southwestern New Mexico by Steven A LeBlanc, 1980 Archeological excavations at seven South District sites in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia: Archeological survey report by Paul Y Inashima, 1989 Woodland occupation in the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina: An archeological reconnaissance of the Carolina Power and Light Company's Lake Robinson to Sumter 230 kV transmission line corridor by Veletta Canouts, 1984 Investigations into south Plains prehistory, west central Texas: Salvage archeology in the Robert Lee Reservoir district (Papers of the Texas Archeological Salvage Project) by Harry J Shafer, 1971 The unabridged version of tribes of the Carolina Lowland: Pedee-Sewee-Winyaw-Waccamaw-Cape Fear-Congaree-Wateree-Santee (Research manuscript series) by Stanley A South, 1972 Archeology at Last End Point: The testing and evaluation of three shell midden sites (38 Bu 66, 38 Bu 166, and 38 Bu 167) at the Pinckney Island National Wildlife Refuge : a report by Frank Newkirk Charles, 1984 ARTE ANTIGUO PERUANO - Tecnologia Y Morfologia (INCA Revista de Estudios Antropologicos, Volume II of the Series) by Julio C Tello, 1924 Discovering The Inca Ice Maiden by Johan Reinhard, 1998-02-01 The Ancient Incas: Chronicles from National Geographic (Cultural and Geographical Exploration) by Hiram Bingham, National Geographic Society (U. S.), et all 1999-01 The Amazonian Indians by Anna Lewington, 2001-02-09 Sam Dellinger: Raiders of the Lost Arkansas by Jr. Robert C. Mainfort, 2008-12-03 The Aztecs (History Beneath Your Feet) by Peter Chrisp, 1999-10

lists with details

41. IPSG Links
    collections Journals Research tools Museum resources archeology Tribes Syllabi for Indigenous SelfDevelopment in south Meso america News of  
    http://www.pacificworlds.com/ipsg/links.html
    
    Extractions: Indigenous Peoples Specialty Group Links to indigenous organizations, information sources, agencies, and more Click on the map below to go to links for that region of the world. North America Meso America and Caribbean South America Africa ... Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia Note: The vast majority of the links on this page relate to North American indigenous peoples. This is because until recently the IPSG was the American Indian Specialty Group. You are encouraged to send link suggestions for other areas of the world to the webmaster Revelant links collections American Indian Studies Links (CSU Long Beach)

42. Coming To The New World
    Descendants of those people could have used boats to follow the frozen southernocean to south america and worked their way Back to Articles on archeology .  
    http://www.txarch.org/arch/articles/newworld.html
    
    Extractions: About the Society Society Activities About Archeology Teachers ... Kids + Archeology In observance of Texas Archeology Awareness Month, the articles for October will focus upon the importance of archeology in understanding the past. One of the most hotly debated topics in archeology is the debate over when and how human being first came to the Western Hemisphere. There are three main schools of thought on the subject and several others that have their supporters. THE BEARING STRAIT LAND BRIDGE The most prevalent idea is that during the glacial periods, sea levels fell thus enabling groups of prehistoric hunters, called the Clovis Culture, to cross over from Siberia. As the hunters followed the herds of mammoths and other big game animals across the grassy plains, they entered what is now Alaska. About 12,000 years ago, when the glaciers melted, ice-free corridors opened between the glaciers enabling the animals and the hunters of the animals access to North America. From Alaska the hunters spread south until all of North and South America had been occupied by human cultural groups, later given the general name of Indians. The idea accounts for the differences in groups of Indians by saying that, as the big game animals died out, the hunters settled in defined areas and developed their distinct differences out of the isolation.

43. More American Than Apple Pie
    longstaple cotton developed by the Inca Indians of south america. appreciating theliving heritage left by the american Indians Back to Articles on archeology  
    http://www.txarch.org/arch/articles/pie.html
    
    Extractions: About the Society Society Activities About Archeology Teachers ... Kids + Archeology The Texas Historical Commission has designated October as Texas Archeology Awareness Month; during the month activities are scheduled in all areas of the state. The month concludes with the annual convention of the Texas Archeological Society, which will be held on October 30 at Green Oaks Inn in Fort Worth this year. Everyone is welcome to attend the convention and to get updated information on the history and prehistory of Texas. As archeologists sift through the debris of the past, they search for things, which help provide knowledge of the past. An important element of people's lives is the foods they ate and how those foods were grown and used. Archeologists especially search for remains of the foods that ancient people ate. The November 14, 1974 issue of the Springtown Epigraph carried an article by Curtis Tunnell, who was the State Archeologist. The article pointed out that, "this land was utilized by hungry families" long before Columbus arrived. He pointed out that the Indians developed several varieties of corn including sweet corn, dent corn, flint corn, and popcorn. Corn is a basic crop and is grown worldwide. Kidney beans, lima beans, pinto beans, navy beans, wax beans and other varieties were developed by the Indians during centuries of careful cultivation. Beans have long been a mainstay of the masses but are now almost competing with beefsteak at $1.00 per pound."

44. Ronin Films - South America
    major achievements in the field of prehistory, archeology and anthropology presentand future of this small Central American nation whose south OF THE BORDER.  
    http://www.roninfilms.com.au/video/1920425
    
    Extractions: Results 1 to 7 of 7 1991 (G) 48 min CANTO A LA VIDA explores the experience of living a life in exile through the stories of seven Chilean women. They include Tencha de Allende, the widow of the murdered President; internationally renowned folk singer Isabel Parra, best-selling author Isabel Allende and artist Gracia Barrios... 1985 (PG) 58 min A portrait of a brutal military dictatorship, was made by Australian filmmaker David Bradbury during a three-month visit to Chile. The footage reveals a country torn with civil strife and political unrest - military intimidation of the population, indiscriminate arrests, murder and disappearances which were then facts of Chilean life... 2002 (PG) 80 min AVAILABLE NOW ON VIDEO AND DVD!!! AFTER THE REVOLUTION From David Bradbury, a filmmaker who has spent many years documenting revolutions and resistance movements in Latin America and elsewhere, FOND MEMORIES OF CUBA is a mature, reflective portrait of Cuba, some 40 years after Castro took power... 1989 (G) 616 min ALL 4 TAPES SOLD TOGETHER AS A SET OR SEPARATELY

45. Website Temporarily Unavailable
    The Yucatan Peninsula’s best known and most visited ruins are the remains of agreat Maya city and one of the archeological wonders of Peru, south america.  
    http://www.american-indians.net/archeology.htm
    
    Extractions: Login to the support center with your domain name and secret word Choose "Billing Center" on the left hand menu Choose "Contact Billing" from the "Billing Links" menu Fill in all requested information In the section labeled "Description of Question or Issue" please state that your account has been frozen due to reason code 2"

46. Find You Favorite Activities And Interests On Traveleye
    Latin american Escapes Specializes in adventure, natural history and culturaltours and expeditions through-out Central and south america.  
    http://www.traveleye.com/cgi-bin/ani.pl?archeology=053,030,051,138,149,186

47. Find You Favorite Activities And Interests On Traveleye
    Latin american Escapes Specializes in adventure, natural history and culturaltours and expeditions through-out Central and south america.  
    http://www.traveleye.com/cgi-bin/ani.pl?archeology=055,034,030,051,053,040,020,1

48. Study In South America Program Information
    history, literature, art, indigenous arts and crafts, anthropology, archeology, business,and serves as a core course in the Latin American Studies Certificate  
    http://www.fau.edu/divdept/schmidt/study/information.htm
    
    Extractions: Program directed by FAU faculty Program fee is $2,3000.00 and includes all of the activities listed above and complete room and board for 6 weeks, workshop materials, excursions, guest lectures, guides, museum visits, travel within the country. Tuition at the in-state rate is extra and depends on the number of academic credits taken (approx. $98.00/credit). Airfare from Miami will be an additional $400.00 to $500.00. Financial Aid is available. See International Programs (SO 386) for more information. Application deadline for the program is March 15, 2004.

49. MythingLinks: Indigenous Peoples Of Latin America: South America's Amazonian Peo
    paper, Anna Roosevelt Sharp and to the point in Amazon archeology, is my preClovis,a view at odds with the usual assumption that south america was settled  
    http://www.mythinglinks.org/ip~amazonian.html
    
    Extractions: From the Amazon Project [see below for home page] http://www.athenapub.com/orellan1.htm From the journal, Athena Review, comes this paper on Francisco de Orellana, a mid-16th century governor of Guayaquil, Ecuador, who joined a 1541-1542 expedition that was the first to travel the entire length of the Amazon River. I found the paper especially interesting for its details on the "Amazon" women warriors (for whom Orellana named the river), and their lion or jaguar goddess, who loved offerings of bright bird feathers: ....[she] required tribute from these villagers in the form of colored macaw and parrot feathers used to line the roofs of their temples. http://www.euronet.nl/users/mbleeker/suriname/suri-eng.html This is a lovely, rich site on the rainforests of Suriname (east of Venezuela) done by Marco Bleeker, who took the photos as a doctoral student in biology at the University of Utrecht, NL. It has a "slide show," which means when you click on the designated bar, you'll see a series of gorgeous photos of colorful flowers, plants, snakes, frogs from the jungle; a few jungle sounds also play from time to time. (See below for one of his photos.)

50. ANCIENT MARINERS Strong Evidence Of Andean-Mexican Seagoing Trade
    other groups) to the north and the Andean (including the Incas) in south america. Hosler,an associate professor of archeology and ancient technology at the  
    http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/CHANDLR1.ART
    
    Extractions: 1995."ANCIENT MARINERS: Strong evidence of Andean-Mexican seagoing trade as early as 600 A.D. by David L. Chandler The Boston Globe, August 14, 1995. Pp. 25-27. Archeologists studying the ancients empires of Central and South America have long noticed similarities in some pottery designs and food crops and wondered whether mariners from the Andean coast traded with their counterparts 2,000 miles to the north. Now, an MIT researcher says she has strong evidence they did. Sophisticated and unique metalworking techniques, developed in South America as far as 1200 B.C., suddenly appeared in Western Mexico in about 600 A.D. - without ever being seen anywhere in between. The only reasonable explanation, according to archeologist Dorothy Hosler, is seaborne trade. As far back as the Spanish conquest it was clear that the South American cultures had the capability for such trade. When Francisco Pizarro approached Peru in 1527, he saw large sailing rafts traveling along the coast. But until now, there was little evidence of how far they travelled, or the fact that there was any significant contact between the two great civilizations of that era, the Mesoamerican (including the Mayans and other groups) to the north and the Andean (including the Incas) in South America. It took Hosler's innovative, detailed metallurgical analysis of ancient bronze and copper artifacts to provide the convincing evidence that this trade ranged over thousands of miles. Hosler, an associate professor of archeology and ancient technology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has spent years studying the composition, design and metalworking technologies used to make a variety of bells, ornaments and small tools found in Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Western Mexico. Centuries after their development in South America, metal objects appeared suddenly on Mexico's west coast. But the absence of any metal artifacts from that period in all of Central America in between, or in the interior and east coast of Mexico, indicates that these casting methods, alloys and designs could not have been exported via overland trade. "Her findings have been very important, I think, in the New World picture," said Gordon Willey, professor emeritus of Mexico and Central American, archeology at Harvard University. "What she has shown without much doubt is that metallurgical technologies were diffused from the south, probably carried by travelers on rafts." "There has always been a lot of speculation on the relationship between Mesoamerica and the cultures further south," Wiley added. "But to pin anything down as tightly and specifically as this metallurgical technology is very unusual." The fact that the South American civilizations had coastal trade and fishing routes is well known from the writings, and at least one drawing, of 16th century European voyagers. They described oceangoing balsawood sailing rafts, capable of carrying anywhere from a dozen to 40 people and laden with goods, plying the coasts of present Peru and Ecuador. Some archeologists had speculated, on the basis of similarities in pottery designs, that these South American marine traders made it as far north as Mexico, but the evidence was ambiguous because pottery-making was so universal at the time. "The Mexican case is very interesting," Hosler said last week in an interview at MIT, during a brief break from her fieldwork in Mexico. "It's one of the few places where advanced civilization arose without metallurgy. "And then suddenly, around this area which was not a primary area of state-level society" - that is, not part of one of the great empires but rather a region of smaller chiefdoms - "metal artifacts start to show up around 600 to 700 A.D." At the time, she said, there was "nothing with respect to metallurgy going on in eastern Mexico or Central America," where Mayan civilization, among others, was in its heyday, whereas the peoples of Peru, Ecuador and Colombia had thriving metallurgical traditions. Unlike the use of metals elsewhere in the ancient world, where the focus was usually on weapons and agricultural tools, much of the emphasis of both the Mexican and Andean metallurgists was on decorative and ceremonial objects such a bells and jewelry, and small tools such as needles and tweezers. That emphasis led them to develop metal alloys quite different from those found i other areas. Their bronze, for example, appears to have been formulated specifically for its color and sound qualities, rather than for mechanical strength, Hosler fund. Bronzes used for ornamental bells and other items were formulated to give the appearance of gold (by adding larger than necessary amounts of tin to copper) or silver (by adding more arsenic than necessary to the copper). Among the extraordinary similarities Hosler found between metal working in the two regions: The use of the "lost wax" technique for casting distinctive ceremonial bells, a method that allows greater control over the thickness and sound properties. This involves carving the bell's shape from beeswax, then casting a hard mold (sometimes of clay and ash) around it. Molten metal poured into the mold metals away the wax and assumes its shape inside the mold, which is broken away after the metal hardens. Identical techniques and designs are found in Columbia and Mexico. The design and manufacturing methods for producing items such as needles and tweezers out of hammered copper or bronze. Distinctive methods, which Hosler describes as "very idiosyncratic," such as the way a needle's eye is ;made by folding are found in both places. And unique designs of tweezers, used by men to pluck beard hairs, also are found in both regions. In Mexico, the tweezers became ceremonial objects, worn by priests as pendants. "There's a whole constellation of artifact designs that were common to both areas," Hosler says. "They were used the same way, and the objects were fashioned the same way." Hosler's detailed analysis of the metals themselves proved that it was mainly the knowledge of metallurgical techniques, rather than the metal objects themselves that was transported from the civilizations to the south; virtually all the objects found in Mexico were made from native Mexican ores. "We know they weren't trading in ores," Hosler said,"because Ecuadorian and Mexican ores are very different in their isotope ratios. What seems to have been introduced was technological know-how." In order to have imparted such detailed technological knowledge, she concludes, the visits must have been much longer and more extensive than would have been needed simply to trade finished goods. What motivated the far-flung trading? Hosler speculates that the South American mariners may have been searching for a much prized bright-orange seashell, the spondylous, that was used to make beads and ornaments and for rain-making rituals. The idea gets some support from Spanish records. Pizarro's chief pilot, Bartolome Ruiz de Estrada, describes capturing off the Ecuadorian coast a balsa raft carrying 20 men and trade goods that included "tiaras, crowns, bands, tweezers and bells, all of this they brought to exchange for some shells." Another possible trade item was the hallucinogenic peyote cactus, which is prevalent in Mexico and may have figured in religious ceremonies among the South American people, where the use of psychoactive substances was widespread. The evidence for extensive trade could affect the whole picture of how the great civilizations of Mesoamerica and the Andes developed, said Hosler, whose analysis of her evidence is detailed in a book, "The Sounds and Colors of Power," published by MIT Press this year. "One of the aspects that's very interesting for archeologists," Hosler said, "is that we tend to think these two great civilizations" - the Mesoamerican and the Andean - "grew without much influence from one another... This is fairly unambiguous evidence that there was more extensive interaction than was thought." Others who specialize in Pre-Columbian American archeology agree. Michael Smith, associate professor of anthropology at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, says "the evidence she has, the evidence from metallurgy, is the strongest evidence. I don't doubt at all what happened... I don't know what more you could hope for, other than finding a boat with a sign that says 'this way to Acapulco'." "Reprint courtesy of The Boston Globe: 'Ancient Mariners," by Dvid Chandler, August 14

51. Reference LinksArchaeology
    North american Prehistory Links North american archeology links Prehistoric ActReparations and Reburial Issues - links south america Ancient Civilizations  
    http://www.barth.lib.in.us/RefLinkArchaeology.html

52. Quebrada Tacahuay In The New York Times
    and south america. This rethinking of the peopling of the New World is becoming oneof the liveliest areas of research and controversy in american archeology.  
    http://members.aol.com/contisuyo/TacaNYT.html
    
    Extractions: Tuesday, September 22, 1998 By JOHN NOBLE WILFORD About 12,000 years ago, people living in what is now southern Peru camped on the Pacific shore and feasted on fish, seabirds and shellfish. The remains of stone tools, hearths and butchered bird bones found at two Peruvian sites are the earliest known evidence of maritime-based cultures in the New World, scientists reported last week. The findings, described in the current issue of the journal Science, also provide further proof that people were in America earlier than once thought. Of possibly even more importance, they support an emerging view of how the first Americans lived and how they migrated through the length of North and South America. This rethinking of the peopling of the New World is becoming one of the liveliest areas of research and controversy in American archeology. In the new view, it appears that the earliest Americans were not all hunters spearing big game like mammoths and bison, as they have long been portrayed in prehistoric studies. The Peruvian discoveries, along with other recent research, show that many of the people who first inhabited the Americas relied on diverse resources for survival: big game and small, plants and fruits, marine life and just about anything at hand. Dr. Daniel H. Sandweiss of the University of Maine at Orono, who directed research at one of the sites, said in a telephone interview: "This finally makes it abundantly clear that these people had a very diverse subsistence system and were prepared to exploit all different kinds of food sources almost as soon as they arrived in America. We had thought this before, but we can prove it now."

53. Alberta Archeology
    of Alberta, my province of birth, as I ve written about the archeology of a and saileddown the Pacific Coast all the way down to south america, with migration  
    http://www.dragonridge.com/calgary/alberta_archeology.htm
    
    Extractions: Alberta Archeology BACKGROUND Columbus was not the first to discover North America, it was the Native Peoples that were already here. In fact, both the Basques and the Vikings beat Mr. Columbus too. There are now 3 main theories for the settling of the Americas, with the 3rd one being considered out to lunch and under serious dispute in the year 2000. 1) Early Americans came over the Bering Land Bridge from Asia and walked there way down through post-ice age corridors that opened up. This would have them walking down through Alberta, and early traces of campsites and such support this. 2) Early Americans went by boat and sailed down the Pacific Coast all the way down to South America, with migration inland along the way. Extremely early settlement sites in Brazil support this theory well as the sites are too early to have been just walked to. Sea travel along the coast spreads people much faster and further. 3) Early Americans came from the Europe after the last ice age by boat, following the edge of the ice sheet across the Atlantic. Some artifacts such as stylistically similar pre-Clovis spear points have been found in both Europe (Old World) and the Americas (New World) support this theory. The spear points were supposed to be a Old World thing only. Clovis points are the first distinctly North American projectile point for spears.

54. South America On WildThings.com, Resource For Adventure Travel, Environmental In
    guides and outfitters in the US, Canada, Central and south america. Nature ToursNeotropical Journeys Inc Birding, Nature and archeology Tours Neotropical  
    http://www.wildthings.com/adventure/adventuresoa.html
    
    Extractions: Travel Poster Store Check out just a few of the really great posters and art prints featuring popular travel destinations that we are offering. This is just a sample, MANY more are available, just click through from any of the thumbnails or scroll to the bottom to select from the categories. Featured selections are mostly less than $20. Latin Trails: Guided tours and travel information to Ecuador, the Galapagos Islands, Peru, Bolivia a Interactive travel to Latin America, specializing in biking, horseback riding, hiking, yoga, community travel and adventures in Ecuador, the Galapagos islands, the Amazon, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and more.

55. AGPix.com
    south america, geography (17 photographers). south america, history, antiquity,archeology (10 photographers). south america, infrastructure (8 photographers).  
    http://www.agpix.com/search_index.php?search_letter=S&start_num=550

56. Specialty Travel
    Listings for archeology/History in south america ANDEAN TREKS; CHACHAPOYAS TOURS;CONDOR TRAVEL; CRILLON TOURS; INCAINTERNATIONAL NATURE AND CULTURAL ADVENTURES;  
    http://www.specialtytravel.com/operators/operator.cgi?act_code=50&geo_code=97

57. Myths And Mountains - South America, Asia And Southeast Asia
    Oct 11 22, 2004, Vietnam, south Vietnam Beaches and Biking. Oct16 - 26, 2004, Thailand, archeology and Nature in Northern Thailand.  
    http://www.mythsandmountains.com/2000/sasia/index.cfm
    
    Extractions: COUNTRY TRIP NAME Custom dates Cambodia The Angkor Heritage Custom dates Cambodia Phnom Penh and Siem Reap: The Temples of Angkor Custom dates Myanmar A Taste of Myanmar Custom dates Thailand Hilltribes of Northern Thailand with Don Willcox Custom dates Thailand Sea Canoe in Southern Thailand and Khao Sok Mini-Exp Jun 17 - Jul 1, 2004 Vietnam Bikes and Sea Canoes: From Hills to Vangs Jul 4 - 18, 2004 Vietnam Bikes and Sea Canoes: From Hills to Vangs Aug 2 - 15, 2004 Vietnam Hilltribes to Halong: The Colorful North Sep 4 - 23, 2004 Vietnam From Vietnam to Kham Oct 3 - 22, 2004

58. ArchNet: Regions / North America
    Pensacola archeology Lab; south Carolina Institute of Archaeology and ArchaeologicalSites of the southwest; ArchaeologySAR, The School of American Research;  
    http://archnet.asu.edu/archnet/regions/north_america.php3
    
    Extractions: North American Archaeology Updated: March 2002 Teotihuacan - The City of the Gods Tlahuica Cultures of Morelos Palenque Project Virtual Palenque ... Aztlan E-Journal and registration for AZTLAN email discussion groups Ancient American Civilizations: Mesoamerica Web Resources The Mesoamerican Ballgame, An educational web site

59. Rumbos Online: The Travel Magazine Of Peru
    archeology. Ancient Peru Comes to Brooklyn. Home About What s New Search Contact Rumbos Travel to Peru Travel south america with Andestours.com.  
    http://www.rumbosperu.com/archeohome.htm

60. Bolivia: Rare And Scholarly Books
    1964 Tiwanaku Centro de Investigaciones Arqueológica HARDCOVER (cardboard b.)KEY WORDS Latin america south america Bolivia archeology PreColumbian  
    http://home.introweb.nl/~jonsigma/boliv.htm
    
    Extractions: 3906 BERMANN, MARC Lukurmata : Household Archaeology in Prehispanic Bolivia. 1st Ed.. XVIII + 307 p., b/w illus., Photos, Plans, Maps, References, Index, 26x18 cm. 1994 Princeton University Press HARDCOVER: (Orig. dark blue gilt. cl. Dust Jacket. AS NEW) A unique local perspective on Andean prehistory: patterns and changes in the organization of domestic life, household ritual, ties to other communities, and mortuary activities, as well as household adaptations to overarching political and economic trends. KEY WORDS: Latin America South America Bolivia Archaeology Geography Geographical Geographic Ethnography Anthropology

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