Africa Indigenous People Baule africa, african Anthropology General Resources. By peoples. Mossi Mumuye Ngbaka Nkanu Nok Nuna Oron Owo Pende Pokot Punu San Senufo Shambaa shona Songo Songye http://www.archaeolink.com/africa_indigenous_people_baule.htm
Extractions: Baule Home Africa, African Anthropology General Resources By peoples Akan Akuapem Akye Anyi ... Zulu ArtWorld AFRICA - Baule "One of the Akan group sharing similar language and, in general, matrilineal inheritance. They broke away from the Asante of Ghana in the 18th century, bringing with them craftsmanship in gold and gold leaf decoration." - From University of Durham - http://artworld.uea.ac.uk/teaching_modules/africa/cultural_groups_by_country/baule/welcome.html Baule People "The Baule belong to the Akan peoples who inhabit Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire. Three hundred years ago the Baule people migrated westward from Ghana when the Asante rose to power. The tale of how they broke away from the Asante has been preserved in their oral traditions." You will find material related to history, culture, religion, political structure, art and more. - From University of Iowa - http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/people/Baule.html
WorldViews: The Peoples Of Africa africa africa World Press Guide. compiled and edited by WorldViews. africa'S peoples. A rich diversity of ancient and proud societies on the state of the world's indigenous peoples, with the peoples of africa included among them of the Zimbabwean plateau in Southeastern africa, The shona and their Neighbours http://www.igc.apc.org/worldviews/awpguide/peoples.html
Extractions: A rich diversity of ancient and proud societies T here are strengths and weaknesses attached to the study of Africa through a focus on the continent's diverse and numerous peoples. The strengths are that the continent is reduced to a more manageable size, the diversity and the rich traditions of Africa's peoples are accentuated, and the similiarities and differences among peoples everywhere in the world can be identified and analyzed. Finally, a study of the particularities of discrete societies throughout the African continent cha llenges the misperception of Africa as an undifferentiated mass of peoples. The attendant weaknesses in this approach are that Africa's population of 735 million may be reduced to exotic images and stereotypes of one or another African society or they may remain frozen in the context of the particular historical period or geog raphic locale being studied. In the introdution to his book, The Shona and their Neighbours (Beach 1994), historian David Beach (University of Zimbabwe) clearly delineates the traps that can ensnare the unwary in a study of the peoples of Africa. H e takes, as just one example, the rock paintings and stone buildings for which inhabitants of the Zimbabwean plateau are reknowned. "From the standpoint of Shona studies," Beach points out, "[the paintings and buildings] have been both a blessing and a cu rse. On the one hand, the sheer beauty of the former attracted many of the minority of educated whites into the discipline of archaeology, but it also ensured that they devoted their attention to a period and people fairly remote from the [modern-day] Sho na and their recent neighbours." Clearly, as Beach suggests, the particularlities and generalities must be kept in proper balance at all times.
Cultures Explored By The Ensemble Isokoroko, South africa; collected from Erica Swart. Kuremekedzwa, shona Praise Song. Mena Basaa, indigenous peoples of the Brazilian Amazon, Tukano Tribe; arr. http://www.indiana.edu/~ive/cultures.htm
Extractions: Asia Australia Europe Nodolly Collected From Khabo Semelane Yenkululeko Collected from Erica Swart Jeso Kwangana Ntate Collected from Mapole Ntsana Jericho Collected from Ludumo Magangane Qonqgotwane arr. S. Matiure, after Miriam Makeba Nkosi Sikelel' Afrika South African National Anthem. Composed by Enoch Sontonga Asikatali South African Freedom Song; from Freedom is Coming Ngiqome kwazulu Traditional Wedding Song; collected from Erica Swart Sibonono sami Zulu Dance Song; collected from Erica Swart Imbube Traditional Zulu Song; collected from Erica Swart Singabahambayo South African Freedom Song; from Freedom is Coming Skeleme Hey! Traditional Sotho Song; modeled by the Potchefstrom University Serenaders Mohlang Traditional Sotho Song; modeled by the Potchefstrom University Serenaders Isokoroko South Africa; collected from Erica Swart
BACKGROUND MATERIAL Section 4 SOUTH AFRICA AND MADAGASCAR History division of ethnicity (British, Dutch, and indigenous peoples) meant that of 10 or more black people in any modern nation of Zimbabwe, whose shona ethnic music http://www.indiana.edu/~smithcj/z103/wk04his.dos
Extractions: struggle"). BACKGROUND MATERIAL Section 4: SOUTH AFRICA AND MADAGASCAR History, topography, cultural influences In looking at the musics from Southern Africa (including Zimbabwe, Malawi, Madagascar, and South Africa itself), it is especially important to look at the historical, cultural, and political background of these musics, because they have been crucial in the construction of identity and of colonial and post-colonial attitudes. For centuries, Southern Africa has been a region of very sophisticated cultural interactions. The modern political history of colonialism and apartheid tended on the one hand to separate South African musics from other countries, and on the other to repress the cultural expressions of the indigenous people, but the old traditions of music as poetry, as story-telling, as praise, and as spiritual tool continued very strongly. Moreover, South Africa's very rich natural resources, including gold and diamonds, led to a musical legacy from centuries of Dutch and English colonialism. Immigrant music cultures including East Indian, Jewish, and other European countries also intermingled with the indigenous traditions. By the early 17th century, Dutch sailors, traders and (especially) gold and diamond miners were an established presence in South Africa. The English crown established a trading port on the coast in the 18th century, and the fortunes to be made in South African natural resources led to disputes, not only between Dutch and English, but also the colonists and the native peoples. As is usually the case in politically repressive conditions, the underlying motivation was economic: by exploiting native miners and support staff, the colonists could make more money with lower expenses. In the 1880s, enormous reserves of gold were discovered in the mid-point of the country, which led to the founding of the city of Johannesburg, known in Zulu as "Egoli," the "City of Gold". At the same time, Dutch and English colonists also made important contributions to the rich musical mix, especially in the harmonized singing style of Methodist hymns, which connected with the indigenous love of choral singing, and in the area of musical instruments: guitars, mandolins, harmoniums, concertinas, pennywhistles, and brass band instruments (trumpet, trombone, saxophone) were all adopted and quickly "re-Africanized" by native musicians. In addition, because of the large and very wealthy European community in South Africa, there was lots of work to be had for musicians: parties, political rallies, public events, and nightclubs all provided employment. And the colonial inhabitants also imported the latest popular music styles, first in sheet music form and then on early 78-rpm records, from Europe and America. American ragtime, jazz, blues and swing music became very popular in South Africa. It should be emphasized that at this time (c1880-1935), while there was clear economic inequality in South Africa, and a wide gap between rich and poor, "European" and "Bantu", the society was relatively open, compared to the brutal race laws and repression which came later. Partly this was a product of another kind of repression: since the 1880s, and especially the Boer War of 1900, fought between British armies and Dutch settlers ("Boers"), political and economic repression of the Dutch by the British was severe. This three-way division of ethnicity (British, Dutch, and indigenous peoples) meant that persons of English descent controlled the Parliament, ran government offices, made decisions about public schooling and public policy. Persons of Dutch descent ("Afrikaans") tended to be shunted outside, their language and culture de-emphasized, and to be denied political power and ethnic equality. However, the 1948 Parliamentary elections brought about a profound shift in political power. For the first time in many decades, and as a result of a fervent voter registration campaign, Dutch/Afrikaans politicians took over both the Presidency and a majority of the Parliamentary seats, and moved quickly to dismantle the relatively tolerant British colonial procedures. They enacted a number of repressive "apartheid" ("separation") laws, which made it illegal for blacks to vote, to congregate in groups, to associate with white people openly, to own certain types of property (especially land), and severely restricted their freedom of movement, access to education, and personal liberties. [next page] In 1950 the law called the "Group Areas Act" was passed, which basically forbade blacks to live anywhere except in newly-created "townships" and "tribal homelands." These "homelands" (the most famous of which is Lesotho) were described by the apartheid government as "free countries," but in fact were nothing more than large tracts of unfertile land, surrounded by white communities, and with no food, water, public services, electricity, sewage, etc. In this fashion, the white minority government was able a) to claim that blacks had their own "homelands," b) to forbid blacks to live anywhere else except these homelands, and c) to refuse any responsibility for public services, education or maintenance. Thus, black people were herded into extremely undesirable places, forced to live only there, and given no means of supporting themselves other than the very low-paying physical work offered by the surrounding white communities. Any black person outside the homeland was required to carry identification materials and proof of employment by a white person or company, and to follow a strict curfew. Once again, these laws, while wearing a political and racial face, were essentially economic: repression of black people in this way forced them to work hard for very low pay, and contributed to a standard of living and a lifestyle for white South Africans which was the most opulent in the world. Even middle- and working-class whites had many servants, all kinds of material positions, much vacation time, and a very luxurious life style. On the other hand, all of these laws, some more openly racist and exploitative than others, affected every level of a black person's existence: food, water, plumbing, electricity, employment, travel, education, health care, etc. And so it is no surprise that black resistance to these conditions has a long history in South Africa, and took many forms: both explicit in the form of demonstrations, sit-ins, and armed resistance, and implicit in the form of secret education, the circulation of banned books, newspapers, performances and recordings. At the same time, however, some of these same conditions led to an explosion of Southern African musical styles. Marabi, kwela, mbube, isicathamiya, mbaqanga, and the wonderful Zulu street musics (all to be discussed in class) were a direct result of the collision of political, racial, economic, and historical factors. In 1961, as a result of new apartheid laws which made it mandatory that all native children learn to speak Afrikaans (the "language of the oppressor," as it were), large demonstrations and strikes were organized by grade-school students. At one such demonstration in Sharpeville, soldiers fired on a crowd of schoolchildren, killing many; the Sharpeville Massacre was followed by a spate of new laws, which banned gatherings of 10 or more black people in any context. In addition to the severe repression of these laws, it also made it impossible for musicians to play for black audiences, because the audiences themselves were forbidden to gather. We will discuss the biographies of Miriam Makeba, Hugh Masekela, Johnny Clegg, and other musicians whose lives and careers were directly affected by the apartheid situation of South Africa. We will also discuss the numerous boycotts and legal sanctions taken by other world governments against South Africa's apartheid government, and the ways in which these restrictions impacted on the lives of musicians within the country's borders. We will also discuss Paul Simon's Graceland album, and the difficult issues that arose when Simon elected to break the boycott. [next page] A word or two about the modern nation of Zimbabwe, whose Shona ethnic music we will discuss in detail: The Shona culture in what is now Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia, and originally part of South Africa), dates back to at least the year 1100CE, and was immensely sophisticated and advanced. By the 1950s, as some of South Africa's race laws were changing, a group of white politicians and soldiers, under the leadership of Cecil Rhodes, illegally split their province away from South Africa, forming a nation they called Rhodesia. This government was not recognized by the United Nations, which meant that Rhodesia quickly became quite isolated from world politics. However, the white minority government held firmly onto power, taking ideas from South Africa's use of cultural repression in an attempt to control the native population. We will discuss the role of Shona music, musical instruments, and music styles in the Liberation war that was fought from approximately 1974-1980; also the appearance by Bob Marley and the Wailers at the Independence Celebrations in 1980, in which the illegal white minority government was dismantled and the new independence nation of Zimbabwe was formed. We will do so by focussing on the instrument called the mbira dza vadzimu, on the career of musician and political activist Thomas Mapfumo ("The Lion of Zimbabwe"), and the music style called chimurenga ("music of
Trans World Radio-Africa attempt colonization of southcentral africa, but the The shona continued low-key resistance until Meanwhile, mass migrations of indigenous peoples took place. http://www.twrafrica.org/Wallpaper/zimbabwe.asp
Extractions: Home Programme Schedules Listeners Letters Technical News ... Order Your Newsletter Is God speaking to you about supporting a Trans World Radio project? Do you know that you can make a difference to someone's life today? Why not involve yourself in a project to purchase wind-up radios for Zimbabwe, pray for the ministry to this country or finance a programme or transmitter for broadcast in this country? Archaeologists have found stone-age implements and pebble tools in several areas of Zimbabwe, a suggestion that the first settlers of the region, the Khoisan, date back to 200 B.C. There is further evidence of early human habitation dating back many more years. The most impressive of these sites is the "Great Zimbabwe" ruin, after which the country is named, located near Masvingo. Evidence suggests these stone structures were built between the 9th and 13th centuries A.D. by indigenous Africans who had established trading contacts with commercial centers on Africa's southeastern coast.
African Timelines Part I peoples to facilitate commerce and trade) by up to 50 million speakers on the eastern coast of africa. Ethnic groups descended from the Bantu include the shona languages indigenous to http://www.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimeline.htm
African Art On The Internet An annotated guide resources on african art. Artnet africa. Specializes in selling shona sculpture story architecture, Islam and indigenous african cultures, Shawabtis and 20 major peoples" from West and Central africa. Include http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/art.html
Extractions: Topics : African Art Search: Countries Topics Africa Guide Suggest a Site ... Africa Home See also: South African Art Photographs "Ethiopia’s leading artist." Biography, his paintings, sculptures, mosaics, murals, art in the artist's home. Afewerk created the stained-glass windows at the entrance of Africa Hall, headquarters of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. "In 1964, he became the first winner of the Haile Selassie I prize for Fine Arts." "In 2000, he was one of the few chosen World Laureates by the council of the ABI on the occasion of the 27th International Millennium Congress on the Arts and Communication in Washington DC." He painted Kwame Nkrumah's portrait and was awarded the American Golden Academy Award and the Cambridge Order of Excellence England. Prints of his work may be purchased online. http://www.afewerktekle.org
WorldViews: The Peoples Of Africa From the standpoint of shona studies, Beach that express a focused concern on the state of the world s indigenous peoples, with the peoples of africa http://worldviews.igc.org/awpguide/peoples.html
Extractions: A rich diversity of ancient and proud societies T here are strengths and weaknesses attached to the study of Africa through a focus on the continent's diverse and numerous peoples. The strengths are that the continent is reduced to a more manageable size, the diversity and the rich traditions of Africa's peoples are accentuated, and the similiarities and differences among peoples everywhere in the world can be identified and analyzed. Finally, a study of the particularities of discrete societies throughout the African continent cha llenges the misperception of Africa as an undifferentiated mass of peoples. The attendant weaknesses in this approach are that Africa's population of 735 million may be reduced to exotic images and stereotypes of one or another African society or they may remain frozen in the context of the particular historical period or geog raphic locale being studied. In the introdution to his book, The Shona and their Neighbours (Beach 1994), historian David Beach (University of Zimbabwe) clearly delineates the traps that can ensnare the unwary in a study of the peoples of Africa. H e takes, as just one example, the rock paintings and stone buildings for which inhabitants of the Zimbabwean plateau are reknowned. "From the standpoint of Shona studies," Beach points out, "[the paintings and buildings] have been both a blessing and a cu rse. On the one hand, the sheer beauty of the former attracted many of the minority of educated whites into the discipline of archaeology, but it also ensured that they devoted their attention to a period and people fairly remote from the [modern-day] Sho na and their recent neighbours." Clearly, as Beach suggests, the particularlities and generalities must be kept in proper balance at all times.
WWF Working Locally With Indigenous And Traditional Peoples' the very beginning, the indigenous peoples of these communal areas which are now widely use throughout africa. In addition to Speaking in the local shona language, he reminds the http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/policy/indigenous_people/on_the_ground
Extractions: From the very beginning, the indigenous peoples of these communal areas became the driving force behind the CAMPFIRE programme. The Tonga, Venda, Ndau, Ndebele and Shangaan people of Zimbabwe became responsible for managing their own natural resources and were able to retain significant benefits at the village and ward level. In 1989, the Nyaminyami and Guruve Rural District Councils became the first two districts recognized as the �owners� of the wildlife resources in their communal land areas. By early 1991, a further ten districts had been given appropriate authority, with another 12 at various stages of the approval process. Within four years CAMPFIRE was providing 6.9 million Zimbabwe dollars a year in direct benefits to over 500,000 people. In 1998, it provided Zimbabwe with $70 million (US$1.9 million) in benefits to over three million Zimbabweans in 35 of Zimbabwe's 56 districts.
Africa Links - Academic Info A Directory of Internet Resources for the study of africa african History Saharan africa. The collection is focused primarily on the languages taught at the University. These include Akan, shona to extend to indigenous peoples and local communities http://www.academicinfo.net/histafricameta.html
Extractions: "Electronic resources from Africa are organized by region and country. All materials are arranged to encourage an awareness of authorship, type of information, and subject. The scope of the collection is research-oriented, but it also provides access to other gopher and web sites with different or broader missions."
Africa highlands came to dominate the indigenous Bantu AD are thought to have assimilated local Stone Age peoples. were the ancestors of the presentday shona people. http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/africa3a.html
Extractions: Africa Some 5 million years ago a type of hominid, a close evolutionary ancestor of present-day humans, inhabited southern and eastern Africa. More than 1.5 million years ago this toolmaking hominid developed into the more advanced forms Homo habilis and Homo erectus. The earliest true human being in Africa, Homo sapiens, dates from more than 200,000 years ago. A hunter-gatherer capable of making crude stone tools, Homo sapiens banded together with others to form nomadic groups; eventually these nomadic San peoples spread throughout the African continent. Distinct races date from approximately 10,000 BC. Gradually a growing Negroid population, which had mastered animal domestication and agriculture, forced the San groups into the less hospitable areas. In the 1st century AD the Bantu, one group of this dominant people, began a migration that lasted some 2000 years, settling most of central and southern Africa. Negroid societies typically depended on subsistence agriculture or, in the savannas, pastoral pursuits. Political organization was normally local, although large kingdoms would later develop in western and central Africa. see Aksum, Kingdom of
About WWF the Karen of Thailand, the shona people in Zimbabwe or has recently been, working with indigenous peoples in all North America, Asia, the Pacific, and africa. http://questions.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/policy/indigenous_people/stateme
Extractions: During more than three decades of conservation work, WWF has been approached by many indigenous and rural communities seeking collaboration on issues like protected area management and the conservation of natural resources. Notable amongst them are the Hupa Indians of northern California, the Inuit of Isabella Bay in Canada, the Zoque Indians of Mexico, the Karen of Thailand, the Shona people in Zimbabwe, the Kuna of Panama, the Shimshali of Pakistan, the Phoka people of northern Malawi, the Imagruen of Mauritania, the Ewenk of Siberia, and many others scattered all over the globe. WWF is, or has recently been, working with indigenous peoples in all regions of the world: in Europe, Latin America, North America, Asia, the Pacific, and Africa.
Zimbabwe - Countrywatch.com Asians, Europeans and peoples of mixed descent make and central africa, the indigenous african population The Mashona (shona speakers), who constitute about 71 http://aol.countrywatch.com/aol_topic.asp?vCOUNTRY=190&SECTION=SOCIAL&TOPIC=CLPE
1Up Travel > Zimbabwe > Travel & Tourism | Tourist Guide To Zimbabwe The Mashona (shona speakers), who constitute about 75 colonization of southcentral africa, but the Meanwhile, mass migrations of indigenous peoples took place. http://www.1uptravel.com/international/africa/zimbabwe/
Extractions: Flags Maps Sightseeing Travel Warnings ... National Parks More Categories Introduction Topography Local Life Local Cuisine Local Holidays Festivals-Events Embassies Administration News Stand Worth a See !! Sight Seeing Maps Flags Shopping Eating Out Recreation Travel Essentials Country Facts Geography People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military
Zfsheet09 example, the elements of the shona ethic in Resource Management in southern africa regional workshop indigenous peoples and Sustainability Cases and Actions. http://www.sardc.net/imercsa/zambezi/zfsheet/zfsheet09.html
Extractions: Musokotwane Environment Resource Centre for Southern Africa I M E R C S A Factsheet 9: Indigenous Knowledge Systems Factsheet No#9: Indigenous Knowledge Systems The traditional history of southern African societies is manifested in the hills, mountains, valleys, burial grounds and in specific sacred and historical sites. Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) refers to a body of knowledge and beliefs built by a group of people, and handed down generations through oral tradition, about the relationship between living beings and their environment. It includes a system of organisation, a set of empirical observations about the local environment, and a system of self-management that governs resource use. Most IKS are oral-based and often revealed through stories and legends. It is therefore, difficult to transmit ideas and concepts to those who do not share the language, tradition and cultural experience. Hence when a language is threatened or diminished in importance, there is a direct impact on the ability to express knowledge acquired through generations of experience.
Africana Librarians Council various (african people) headings such as shona (african people). 1974), both Bantuspeaking peoples and indigenous peoples-South africa should be http://www.loc.gov/rr/amed/afs/alc/catm101.html
Extractions: Minutes Present : Simon Bockie (Univ. of California, Berkeley), Jill Coelho (Harvard Univ.), Andrew de Heer (Schomburg Center), Karen Fung (Stanford Univ.), Miki Goral (Univ. of California, Los Angeles), Marieta Harper (Library of Congress), Patricia Kuntz (Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison), Joseph Lauer (Michigan State Univ.), Robert Lesh (Northwestern Univ.), Peter Limb (Michigan State Univ.), Peter Malanchuk (Univ. of Florida), Judy McDermott (Library of Congress), Edward Miner (Indiana Univ.), Valentine Muyumba (Indiana State Univ.), Lauris Olson (Univ. of Pennsylvania), Loumona Petroff (Boston Univ.), Dan Reboussin (Univ. of Florida), Margie Struthers (Univ. of Cape Town), Gretchen Walsh (Boston Univ.), David Westley (Boston Univ.). 2. Approved the minutes of the Fall meeting
Newsletter 16.3 Fall 2001 (Conservation At The Getty) The local people who speak the shona dialect and Thulamela was hailed in South africa as a model of successful negotiations between indigenous peoples and the http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications/newsletters/16_3/news_in_cons1.ht
Extractions: Science Field Projects Education Publications and Videos ... Newsletter 16.3 (Fall 2001) Heritage Management in Africa By Webber Ndoro For some time, cultural heritage management in Africa has been mainly concerned with the preservation and presentation of heritage sites from a technical point of view. The emphasis has been on the preservation of the architecturally spectacular places, such as the pyramids of Egypt and Sudan, the forts and castles of Ghana, and the stone monuments of Zimbabwe. Although heritage management systems in Africa are slowly changing, in most cases management focuses on the tangible elements of the heritage and overemphasizes the monumental and archaeological aspects. Communities and Their Heritage The major problems with most efforts to preserve and present cultural heritage in Africa seem to emanate from a failure to understand fully the cultural significance of the heritage and to appreciate its value to local communities. Following independence, many African nations realized the value of the past in nation building and the need to restore cultural pride, which had been seriously eroded by colonialism. It is thus surprising that the interests of local communities are often still ignored at the expense of international guidelines and frames of operation. Although this situation is changing, it also appears that despite the attainment of independence, heritage management in Africa has tended to assume that local communities are irrelevant to the "scientific" methods of managing their own heritage.
The Languages And Writing Systems Of Africa Yoruba, Ibo and a number of indigenous languages are Ewe in the south and Voltaicspeaking peoples in the is the official language, but the shona and Ndebele http://www.intersolinc.com/newsletters/africa.htm
Extractions: Africa The Languages and Writing Systems of Africa Country Language Script Algeria, Al Djazair, Algérie, (Democratic and Popular Republic of) Arabic, French and a Berber language. Arabic, Latin, Berber Angola, (Republic of) Portuguese is the official language, but a Bantu language is widely spoken. Latin, Bantu Benin, former kingdom, situated in present-day SW Nigeria French and Fon Latin, Fon Botswana, ( Republic of) English is the official language, but the population is mainly Tswana, who speak a Bantu language. Latin, Bantu Burkina Faso or Burkina, formerly Upper Volta French is the official language. Latin Burundi, Republic of Official languages are French and Kurundi (a Bantu language) Swahili is also spoken Latin, Bantu
SAfm linking the Venda with the shona display connecting the Great Lakes of East africa spring to interacting in different ways with indigenous peoples with whom http://www.safm.co.za/columns/?columnarticleid=882
