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Russian Archaeology: more books (100)

Prehistoric Pottery-Making of the Russian Far East (bar s) by Irina S. Zhushchikhovskaya, 2005-12-31
Anthropological composition of the population of Central Asia, and the ethnogenesis of its peoples (Russian translation series of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology) by L. V Oshanin, 1964
Archeozoological materials and the historic record: Evidence from a Russian hospital trash pit in Sitka, Alaska by Catherine Holder Blee, 1986
Russian Immigrants in the United States: Adapting to American Culture (New Americans) by Vera Kishinevsky, 2004-08
Art and Archaeology: An Illustrated Monthly Magazine (Russian Art Number) (February 1922, Vol. XIII, No. 2)
The Upper Paleolithic of the Central Russian Plain (Studies in Archaeology) by Olga Soffer, 1980
Anthropological Composition of the Population of Central Asia, and the Ethnogenesis of its People: II (Russian Translation Series of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography, Vol.II, No.2) by L.V. Oshanin, 1964
Anthropological Composition of the Population of Central Asia, and the Ethnogenesis of its People: III (Russian Translation Series of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol.II, No.3) by L.V. Oshanin, 1964
Sbornik tekstov na angliiÌ†skom i¸ a¸¡zyke: Archaeology by T. A Antoni¸ a¸¡n, 1985
Empire Jews: Jewish Nationalism and Acculturation in 19th and Early 20th Century Russia (The New Approaches to Russian and East European Culture) by Brian Horowitz, 2009-12-30
Professionals, Power and Solidarity in Poland: A Critical Sociology of Soviet-Type Society (Cambridge Russian, Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies) (Volume 0) by Michael D. Kennedy, 2008-06-05
Local Communities and Post-Communist Transformation: Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia (BASEES/Routledge Series on Russian and East European Studies)
The Pilgrim Soul: Being Russian in Israel by Elana Gomel, 2009-02-18
Treasures of the Moscow Kremlin: Arsenal of the Russian Tsars

lists with details

Beneath The Black Sea: Greek Colonists And Russian Sailors
legacies of Sevastopol, the real tension here seems to lie between the archaeologists and the church. Chersonesos is the birthplace of russian and Ukrainian
http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/crimea/dispatch4.html

Extractions: Summer 2000 On Monday morning, Loscha and I head out to Sevastopol , on the southwestern tip of the peninsula. This trip would have been impossible for me only five years ago. As the base for the Soviet Black Sea fleet, Sevastopol was off-limits to all foreigners and most nonresident citizens. The "closed city" was not opened to outsiders until 1996, when Russia and Ukraine finally reached an agreement that allowed Russia to maintain its fleet in the city's harbors. After five hours of successive sweltering bus rides, we arrive in town and head first to the site of Chersonesos, established by Greek colonists in the sixth century B.C. Chersonesos followed the historical pattern characteristic of most prosperous Crimean coastal settlements: a Greek colony that eventually fell under the rule of Hellenistic kings and Roman emperors. During the Byzantine period, Chersonesos (by then known as Cherson) became an important center of Christianity on the northern fringe of the empire, and it was here that Prince Volodymyr of the neighboring Kiev Rus state, the forerunner of the Russian Empire, adopted Christianity in 988. The decline of the Byzantine Empire and successive Mongol raids eventually led to Chersonesos' demise in the fifteenth century. Left, Byzantine ruins at Chersonesos
Archaeology ??????????
The summary for this russian page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set.
http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Russian-english/ar/archaeol

Extractions: Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Sorry, this definition page is not yet loaded. Based on your search, we are increasing the priority for archaeology and will race to post it for you if we have it on file. In the meantime, the links below are for public service or indexed to archaeology and may be of interest: document.getElementById('srci').src="/js/xparse.asp?sec=init";
Institute For The History Of Material Culture Of Russian Academy Of Sciences
archaeological journals are published by the Institute Archaeological News (in russian with english resumes) and Radiocarbon and archaeology (in english).
http://iimk.nw.ru/eng/

Extractions: OF RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES site map news administration archives ... publications of IHMC RAS IHMC RAS Institute for the History of Material Culture is the successor of the former Imperial Archaeological Commission (IAC) founded in St.-Petersburg in 1859 , the russian state archaeological organization. The IHMC includes four departments, two laboratories, an AM group and two archives . The archaeological library housed at the IHMC is among the biggest in Europe. 106 scholars, including a corresponding member of RAS, 89 candidates and doctors of science form the Institution research team. Two archaeological journals are published by the Institute: " Archaeological News " (in russian with english resumes) and " Radiocarbon and Archaeology " (in english). The Special Scientific Committee of IHMC accepts dissertations for defense both in russian (doctor and candidate of history) and some foreign systems (PhD). Research areas The Institute research areas cover a wide range of archaeological cultures of Stone Age in Eurasia ( Dept. of Stone Age archaeology
Archaeology In Tuva
russian and German archaeologists excavated a Scythian burial mound on a grassy plain that locals have long called the Valley of the Kings because of the large
http://www.fotuva.org/history/archaeology.html

Extractions: By JOHN VAROLI Photo: Vladimir Terebenin "There are many great works of art — figures of animals, necklaces, pins with animals carved into a golden surface," said Dr. Mikhail Piotrovsky, director of the Hermitage Museum. "It is an encyclopedia of Scythian animal art because you have all the animals which roamed the region, such as panther, lions, camels, deer, etc. This is the original Scythian style, from the Altai region, which eventually came to the Black Sea region and finally in contact with ancient Greece, and it resembles almost an Art Nouveau style." Russian and German archaeologists excavated a Scythian burial mound on a grassy plain that locals have long called the Valley of the Kings because of the large number of burial mounds of Scythian and other ancient nomadic royalty. The fierce nomadic Scythian tribes roamed the Eurasian steppe, from the northern borders of China to the Black Sea region, in the seventh to third centuries B.C. In the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. they interacted with the ancient Greeks who had colonized the Black Sea region, which is now in Ukraine and southern Russia. Not surprisingly ancient Greek influence was evident in Scythian gold previously discovered, but the recent find dates from before contact with the Greeks and from the heart of Siberia where, scholars say, contact with outsiders can almost be excluded.
Maritime Archaeology In Northwest Russia
So far, our institute has published two volumes of Studies in maritime archaeology , which include articles by russian and foreign scientists.
http://www.abc.se/~m10354/mar/rus-arch.htm

Extractions: Maritime Archaeology in northwest Russia by Petr Sorokin The first underwater archaeological works in Russia started in the beginning of our century. In this time an ancient harbour was investigated at Feodosia, at the Black Sea, as well as a post-medieval boat in the northern part of Chudskoe Lake. But those were only the first experiences from land archaeologists in a water environment. The beginning of maritime archaeology as a special part of archaeological science, is connected with works by Orbelly and Blavatsky in the 1930s - 50s. The first underwater archaeological activities were concentrated on investigations of ancient monuments in the Black Sea. During the following time, several maritime archaeological groups existed in different parts of Russia, including St Petersburg. Presently, underwater search in St Petersburg is realised by different organisations, associations and clubs. This is coordinated by the Institute of the History of Material Culture and the Institute of Archaeology . Both institutes belong to the Russian Academy of Science, and give special permission for underwater investigations and keep scientific supervision of these works.
Maritime Archaeology In South-Eastern Finland In The 1990s
The Saint Nikolai, the wreck of a russian frigate lost in a battle The archaeological excavations of a tumulus at Västäri, Vehkalahti (Veckelax), the first
http://www.abc.se/~m10354/uwa/kymenlaa.htm

Extractions: Maritime Archaeology in South-Eastern Finland in the 1990s By Tiina Mertanen Maritime archaeological research in Kymenlaakso, the south-eastern province of Finland, has concentrated on the area of the Ruotsinsalmi naval battles (1789, 1790), on underwater investigations in connection with archaeological excavations on dry land, and on some wrecks which have been investigated in co-operation with mainly local diving clubs. The Provincial Museum of Kymenlaakso covers a vast sea area from Pyhtää ( Pyttis ) to Virolahti ( Vederlax ) in the east with a coast line about 70 km. The rocky archipelago on Finland's territorial waters reaches over 20 km off the coast. The Kymi river ( Kymmene älv ) and the inland lake district 50 km north from the coast also belong to the working area of the museum. Until now about 70 wrecks or remains of wooden vessels have been discovered in the area. Even more have not been found yet from the depth of the Gulf of Finland according to the historical sources studied by the museum's researchers. The area of the two naval battles of Ruotsinsalmi (Swedish Svensksund , Russian Rotsensalm ) has been investigated since 1930s. Today over 20 wrecks have been located yet not properly investigated. Nevertheless most of the finds were wrecked during the battles between the Swedes and the Russians according to the historical sources.
RUSSIAN
of several firstcentury BC sites in the Buryatia Republic of the russian Federation have Now we have gathered new clues on their history and archaeology.
http://xiongnu.myrunet.com/review.htm

Extractions: XIONGNU ARCHAEOLOGY SACRIFICE BURIALS TSARAAM PROJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY ... E-MAIL CIRCLE OF INNER ASIAN ART, Newsletter, Issue 14, December 2001. L ondon ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE XIONGNU: NEW DISCOVERIES IN R USSIA Dr. Sergey Minyaev Institute of the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences S t. Petersburg Russian Federation The Xiongnu (Huns of Asia) headed a powerful alliance of cattle-breeding tribes during the late 3rd-early 2nd century B.C., and dominated the eastern part of Central Asia for two centuries, laying the foundations for the emergence of tribal alliances there in the Middle Ages. The military and political history of the Xiongnu has been well documented in Chinese texts, but their civilization, culture, and art have remained relatively obscure. Chinese written sources testified: "The Xiongnu had no towns, no settlements, no agriculture, they could not sow, and they were only hunters." The first Xiongnu sites were discovered in 1896 by the anthropologist J. D. Talko-Grinzevich
RUSSIAN
of the town of Kyakhta (Kyakhta district of the Buryatia Republic , russian Federation the discovery of the site by the pioneer of Xiongnu archaeology, J. Talko
http://xiongnu.myrunet.com/TsaraamE2.htm

Extractions: XIONGNU ARCHAEOLOGY SACRIFICE BURIALS TSARAAM PROJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY ... E-MAIL TSARAAM ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT In recent years, some Xiongnu archaeological sites in the Trans Baikal area have been thoroughly and systematically excavated. However, elite barrows, which usually contain important information about social structure, material culture, and the art of a particular society, are neither well-known nor systematically investigated using archaeological techniques. The objective of the Tsaraam archaeological project was to conduct the first systematic archaeological excavation of a Xiongnu elite burial complex in the Tsaraam valley. The Tsaraam valley is situated 30 km to the west of the town of Kyakhta (Kyakhta district of the Buryatia Republic Russian Federation ). Previous archaeological work at the Tsaraam cemetery began in the 19th century with the discovery of the site by the pioneer of Xiongnu archaeology, J. Talko-Gryntsevich , in June of 1896. In June 1903, he and Ya. S. Smolev excavated five of the graves. All of which were robbed, and only few artefacts were found. Based on the characteristics of the burial construction, these burials were correctly assigned to the Xiongnu period. In September, 1996 the Trans-Baikal Archaeological Expedition of the
Russia Resources
region. Novaya Zembla A joint Dutchrussian project investigating the historic archaeology of this polar ice region. Ezra Zubrow
http://archaeology.about.com/library/atlas/blrussia.htm

Extractions: zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help Archaeology Home ... Get a Job! zau(256,152,180,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Ancient Civilizations Anthropology Archaeologists Art and Artifacts ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Subscribe to the About Archaeology newsletter. Search Archaeology Russia Sites Research Institutions Researchers Culture History ... Geography and Maps Archaeological Sites Arzan
Eastern Europe And The Former Soviet Union
archaeology of Weasel Cave A joint russianAmerican project on the Paleolithic site of Weasel Cave, in North Ossetia, Russia. Center
http://archaeology.about.com/cs/easterneurope/

Extractions: zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help Archaeology World Archaeology ... Regional Studies Eastern Europe Home Essentials Archaeology Glossary Book Catalog ... Get a Job! zau(256,152,180,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Ancient Civilizations Anthropology Archaeologists Art and Artifacts ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Subscribe to the About Archaeology newsletter. Search Archaeology Archaeological sites and studies of eastern Europe Alphabetical Recent Up a category Archaeology Book Review: Warrior Women While primarily focused on the archaeological evidence for women acting as warriors and priestesses during eastern European Iron Age, the book is a fusion of archaeology and ethnography, mythology, and history Lepenski Vir: Change and Resistance Change and resistance: A Mesolithic village occupation on the Danube River in Serbia. Byzantine Studies From Dumbarton Oaks, a collection of etexts and other reports on various Byzantine studies, Landscape Architecture, and Precolumbian studies. Archaeology of the Balkans From the International Institute of Archaeology in Salt Lake City, a huge new website on archaeology in the Balkan states, including all kinds of info on sites, excavations, cultures, and archaeologists.
Bryn Mawr College Graduate Student Symposium: All For One Or One For All? (Re)co
Crowell, A. (1994) World System archaeology at Three Saints Harbor An 18th Century russian Fur Trade Site on Kodiak Island, PhD Dissertation, Berkeley
http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Arch/guesswho/wdhsbyr.html

Extractions: Historical archaeologists have been increasingly drawn to the concepts of ethnicity, class and gender in understanding the formation and transmission of cultural identity during the North American contact period. These research emphases, adding to earlier empirical studies of pearlware and square-cut nails, take inspiration from a growing number of anthropological and historical works which demonstrate the complexly entwined nature of social phenomena. A variety of case studies across time and space suggest that ethnicity, as but one aspect of identity, is fluid, exists without geographical boundaries, and is both culturally and historically situated (Barth 1969; De Vos and Romanucci-Ross 1975). If ethnicity is so transitory, then how can historical archaeologists begin to understand the material dimensions of ethnic identity , as I define it, the means by which people perceive and represent their kinship, shared history and social boundaries? And how does identity formation and expression exist within hegemonic relationships, when people not only identify themselves in relation to others, but are also subjected to classification by dominant groups?
The Sigtuna Museums - Arkeology
archaeology. Some russian, Byzantine and Oriental objects from the 1996 Archaeological Excavations in Sigtuna, Sweden. An archaeological
http://195.190.203.17/museer/eng/arkeolog/arkeolog.htm

Extractions: Exibitions Archaeology History Home ... Startpage Archaeology Some Russian, Byzantine and Oriental objects from the 1996 Archaeological Excavations in Sigtuna, Sweden An archaeological excavation in the former Viking Age water front in Sigtuna has yielded many finds of Byzantine, Russian and Oriental origin. These underline the importance of contacts between Viking Age Sweden and the East. Archaeologists were stunned to find two leaden seals. One of the seals is from Byzance. It pictures St. John Baptist with an inscription on the reverse in Greek ("Lord, help your servant Cosmas") and is dated to the 11th century. The other seal is probably Russian and from the 11th century or the first parth of the 12th. These seals, shown here, are probably the first of kind ever to be unearthed in Scandinavia. The seals may have been attached to shipments of silk, wine or olive oil. Shards of red amphora pottery (photo) from Constantinople were also found this year. The seals may also have been attached to documents, sent to officials in Sigtuna. In the 1995 excavations, several gold finger rings and more than 60 gold beads were found. The objects were then regarded as sacrifices offered after returning from adventurous sea voyages. This year, another gold ring (photo) and several dozen beads were found, strengthening the previous interpretation.
Server Of East-European Archaeology
New data, new interpretations. Archaeometry. The catalogue of russian and other archaeological resources. A books review. Urgent events. Quick Search.
http://archaeology.kiev.ua/eng/
Ñåðâåð âîñòî÷íîåâðîïåéñêîé àðõåîëîãèè
The summary for this russian page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set.
http://archaeology.kiev.ua/

Extractions: The reasons behind this undertaking were manifold, but the most direct one was the 20th Byzantine Congress taking place in Paris in August of 2001. The papers presented at the Congress have already appeared in electronic form, on the website of the Vostochnoevropejskij Archeologicheskij Zhurnal. Plans are to bring out the papers finally in book form in 2002. Balkan Elements in Orthodox Church Painting of the Post-Byzantine Period in Central Europe Une nouvelle replique slavonne du Paris.gr.74: seven decades after «New Constantinople»: Byzantine Traditions in Muscovite Rus in the 16th Century The Printing-House of the Monastery of Trei Ierarhi in Iasi and its Staff ...
Anthropology And Archaeology
Rabadan Senior Research Worker, Daghestan Center, Institute of History, archaeology and Ethnography, russian Academy of Sciences, Makhachkala, Russia Research
http://www.cies.org/vsdir01/Anth4.htm
Archaeology <- Russian Empire In Photographs <- All-photo.ru
About. Uvarov AS, Count. Barsov EV. russian Empire in Photographs Science archaeology (2), Barsov EV. Uvarov AS, Count. Design Corporative
http://all-photo.ru/empire/index.en.html?id=8657&kk=a7ab681f80
Texas Archaeology Web Guide
Texas archaeology Web Guide. Viewing ? Science Technology archaeology. ?
http://www.wildtexas.com/guide/index.php?t=sub_pages&cat=962&inl_language=russia
ARCHAEOLOGICAL Projects
Diggings were also focused on the areas of the Visitor Center, Fort Ross Reef Campground, archaeology camp, and the russian orchard.
http://www.mcn.org/1/rrparks/fortross/archaeol.htm

Extractions: ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECTS AT FORT ROSS A rchaeological investigations in the Fort Ross area have contributed valuable information and helped to authenticate the various reconstructions. They illuminate the history of the early Kashaya Indians and the Russian and subsequent American settlements. The earliest work, recording sites for excavation, was done by researchers from the University of California Berkeley in the late 1940s. Excavation projects have been undertaken at various times over the years by archaeologists and anthropologists from University of California Berkeley, San Francisco State University, Santa Rosa Junior College, Sonoma State University, Cabrillo College, the University of Wisconsin, and the California State Department of Parks and Recreation. The Native American sites were first recorded by archaeologists in the 1930s and in the 1960s. In the 1980s archaeological work was extended from the coast to the ridge line northeast of the fort. Prehistoric occupation sites have also been examined at the Reef Campground and on the bluff up the coast from Fort Ross. In 1990 the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee assisted the Department of Parks and Recreation in a project intended to restore the historic Russian cemetery to its former appearance. Excavations to locate and identify the individual
áÒÈÅÏÌÏÇÉÑ.òõ - óËÉÆÉËÁ-ëÅÌØÔÉËÁ: ÁÒÈÅÏÌÏÇÉ�
Catalogue of the resourses with annotations, Forum, WebBoard, in russian. Author VE.Eremenko, Dr of archaeology, Russia, Sankt-Petersburg.
http://www.rednet.ru/~eremenko/

Extractions: óËÉÆÉËÁ-ëÅÌØÔÉËÁ - ÁÒÈÅÏÌÏÇÉÑ, ÎÕÍÉÚÍÁÔÉËÁ, ÁÎÔÉË×ÁÒÉÁÔ. áÎÎÏÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ ÒÅÇÕÌÑÒÎÏ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÑÅÍÙÊ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÏ×. òÁÚÄÅÌÙ: ÁÒÈÅÏÌÏÇÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÏÒÇÁÎÉÚÁÉÉ, ÔÅÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÐÏÄÂÏÒËÉ, ÉÓÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÅ ÔÅÍÙ, ÐÏÉÓË × óÅÔÉ, ÒÁÚÎÏÅ, ÎÕÍÉÚÍÁÔÉËÁ É ÁÎÔÉË×ÁÒÉÁÔ É Ô.Ð. æÏÒÕÍ, ÄÏÓËÁ ÏÂßÑ×ÌÅÎÉÊ, ÐÕÂÌÉËÁÉÉ on-line, ÎÏ×ÏÓÔÉ É ÄÒ. Web-ÍÁÓÔÅÒ - Ë.É.Î. ÷ÌÁÄÉÍÉÒ åÒÅÍÅÎËÏ, óÁÎËÔ-ðÅÔÅÒÂÕÒÇ. Scythica-Celticum - Archaeology, Numismatics, Antiquariat. Catalogue of the resourses with annotations, Forum, WebBoard, in Russian. Author - V.E.Eremenko, D-r of Archaeology, Russia, Sankt-Petersburg. óËÉÆÉËÁ-ëÅÌØÔÉËÁ - ÁÒÈÅÏÌÏÇÉÑ, ÎÕÍÉÚÍÁÔÉËÁ, ÁÎÔÉË×ÁÒÉÁÔ. áÎÎÏÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ ÒÅÇÕÌÑÒÎÏ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÑÅÍÙÊ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÏ×. òÁÚÄÅÌÙ: ÁÒÈÅÏÌÏÇÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÏÒÇÁÎÉÚÁÉÉ, ÔÅÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÐÏÄÂÏÒËÉ, ÉÓÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÓËÉÅ ÔÅÍÙ, ÐÏÉÓË × óÅÔÉ, ÒÁÚÎÏÅ, ÎÕÍÉÚÍÁÔÉËÁ É ÁÎÔÉË×ÁÒÉÁÔ É Ô.Ð. æÏÒÕÍ, ÄÏÓËÁ ÏÂßÑ×ÌÅÎÉÊ, ÐÕÂÌÉËÁÉÉ on-line, ÎÏ×ÏÓÔÉ É ÄÒ. Web-ÍÁÓÔÅÒ - Ë.É.Î. ÷ÌÁÄÉÍÉÒ åÒÅÍÅÎËÏ, óÁÎËÔ-ðÅÔÅÒÂÕÒÇ. Scythica-Celticum - Archaeology, Numismatics, Antiquariat. Catalogue of the resourses with annotations, Forum, WebBoard, in Russian. Author - V.E.Eremenko, D-r of Archaeology, Russia, Sankt-Petersburg. óËÉÆÉËÁ-ëÅÌØÔÉËÁ - ÁÒÈÅÏÌÏÇÉÑ, ÎÕÍÉÚÍÁÔÉËÁ, ÁÎÔÉË×ÁÒÉÁÔ. áÎÎÏÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÏ×, æÏÒÕÍ, ÄÏÓËÁ ÏÂßÑ×ÌÅÎÉÊ, ÐÕÂÌÉËÁÉÉ on-line, ÎÏ×ÏÓÔÉ É ÄÒ. çÌÁ×ÎÁÑ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÁ.
Castle Hill Archaeological Project, Introduction
conditions in russianAmerica. His writings help us to interpret the archaeological materials from Castle Hill and, conversely, the archaeology adds depth and
http://www.dnr.state.ak.us/parks/oha/castle/introd.htm

Extractions: (click to enlarge). Archaeology at Castle Hill: Window to the Past In 1995, archaeologists began a testing program to locate and evaluate buried deposits at the former Russian-American capitol. Initially, work focused on top of the hill, within a stone enclosure constructed in 1966-67 for the Alaska Centennial celebration. Most deposits were largely disturbed, but the discovery of a possible cellar floor from the Russian period suggested that other deposits of intact materials might be present. Archaeologists returned to Castle Hill during the summers of 1997 and 1998 to conduct larger scale excavations in advance of construction work to improve access to the site. In 1998, archaeologsits opened an additional 103 one-meter squares east of those excavated the previous year. Excavations in this area, beneath a heavily used park trail, revealed the ruins of at least four Russian period buildings. The floor deposits suggest that at least two of the buildings were workshops. One ruin, mostly destroyed by gardening and trail construction, is believed to represent the last Russian building to occupy the site. The metal workers' smithy identified in 1997 was fully excavated, along with the building which housed it. The intact forge was re-buried at the end of the season with hope that funding might be found for a viewing shelter and interpretive exhibit. Archaeologists believe that, during the 1820s and 1830s, artisans and craftsmen worked in shops at this location. Manufacturing and repairing industries included coppersmithing, blacksmithing, shoe and leather goods manufacture and repair, and woodworking. The recovery of several modified bird feathers suggest that pen nibs were manufactured at the site as well. Concentrations of lead spatter in the soil document the pouring of musket balls, or possibly lead seals used in the bundling of fur bales. Under orders of the Manager, workers labeled the lead seals with the initials of the Russian-American Company, along with letter codes to indicate the origin, type, and quality of furs. 1830 marked the end of a period of renovation and new construction that had begun in 1818. Baron F. P. Wrangell, who was Chief Manager of the Russian-American Company from 1831to 1836, noted that in 1833 the population of Sitka was comprised of 847 persons (Wrangell 1980:4)

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