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Prehistoric Animals Mammoths:     more books (81)

Woolly Mammoth (Prehistoric Beasts: Lift-the-flap & Stand-up Books) by David Hawcock, 1994-03-24 Woolly Mammoth by Mick Manning, Brita Granstrom, 2011-04-11 Mammoths: Giants of the Ice Age, Revised Edition by Adrian Lister, Paul Bahn, 2007-11-20 Why Why Why Were Mammoths Woolly? Why Why Why Were Mammoths Woolly The Lenape stone; or, The Indian and the mammoth by Henry Chapman Mercer, 2009-08-04 Meet Mammoth (Ogg and Bob) by Ian Fraser, 2010-10 Sabretooth - A Dinosaur World Adventure by Geoffrey Williams, 1988-06-01 Life With Mammoth (Ogg and Bob) by Ian Fraser, 2010-10 Dinosaur Skeletons (Mammoth Paperbacks) by Jinny Johnson, 1998-05-29 Oscar and Arabella and Ormsby (Oscar & Arabella) by Neal Layton, 2008-09-01 Buried in the Back Yard (Science Solves It!) by Gail Herman, 2003-03 Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs: The Junior Novel by Susan Korman, 2009-06-01 Ice Age 2: Meet the Characters by Sadie Chesterfield, 2006-03-01

lists with details

81. LESSON PLANET - 30,000 Lessons And 2318 Lesson Plans For Prehistoric Animals
    prehistoric animals Lesson Plans Subcategories Found 2309 prehistoric animals related lesson plans. 2309 prehistoric animals Lesson Plans  
    http://www.lessonplanet.com/search/Science/Biology/Evolution/Extinction/Prehisto
    
    Extractions: Join Lesson Planet Today! For only $9.95 (a year) gain full access to Lesson Planet's directory of 30,000+ lesson plans as a Lesson Planet Silver Member! For only $24.95 (a year), become a Gold Member and gain full access to 30,000+ lessons AND our TeacherWebTools suite of online tools (featuring TeacherSiteMaker, Online Storage, NewsletterMaker, LessonMaker and more!) Learn More TeacherWebTools: Maps Planet ... Extinction Prehistoric Animals Subcategories: Mammoths Lesson Plans Saber Tooth Cats Lesson Plans Trilobites Lesson Plans Found Prehistoric Animals ' Lesson Plans. Also for ' Prehistoric Animals 1625 Web Sites 34 Books 5 Software Titles 25 Videos ... 32 Other Products * Log in or become a Lesson Planet Member to gain access to lesson plans. Lesson Plans (1 - 10 of 2318): The Dinosaur Exhibit - The unit is great preparation for a field trip to the Dinosaur Hall of the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. A visit here provides the reality of the size and shape of these animals. It allows them to see what has excited scientists w

82. Scientist Finds Frozen Prehistoric 'Zoo' In Siberian Ice
    said There is no significant difference between restoring prehistoric animalsand restoring with a sanctuary for the offspring of frozen mammoths and other  
    http://www.rense.com/ufo6/prehist.htm
    
    Extractions: Scientists have located a frozen "zoo" of prehistoric creatures under the Siberian permafrost which they intend to retrieve for a cloning experiment. Members of an expedition which last autumn airlifted a mammoth from its icy tomb now claim to have evidence of an extraordinary menagerie of extinct creatures. Bernard Buigues, the French leader of the expedition, said he knew of another 18 locations which would yield the animals' bodies in a well-preserved state. He is to begin the search for woolly rhino, steppe lions, giant deer, foxes and hardy breeds of horses from 20,000 BC within the next month. He will cover an area extending 300 miles to the northwest and northeast of the Siberian town of Khatanga, 500 miles north of the Arctic Circle. "Evidence from bones and tusks collected by nomads has alerted us to the location of the sites," said Buigues. He has travelled extensively in the Taymyr Peninsula in Siberia in the past 10 years, and believes he may also have found signs of human settlement from 2,000BC on the shores of Lake Taymyr. Associates of Buigues, whose film of the recovery of the first mammoth will be shown on the Discovery Channel on March 12, say his tactics for winning their co-operation are simple. "He carries a Polaroid camera everywhere to remind them who he is. Almost two-thirds of the 8,000 nomads in the region now have a picture of him together with them."

83. Australias Lost World: Prehistoric Animals Of Riversleigh
    Australias Lost World prehistoric animals of Riversleigh. Book AustraliasLost World prehistoric animals of Riversleigh Customer Reviews  
    http://www.sciencesbookreview.com/Australias_Lost_World_Prehistoric_Animals_of_R
    
    Extractions: The book puts the various animals and lineages into perspective, describing the changes of climate and habitat loss over the last 25 million years as Australias climate became drier as the continent drifted north. Many lineages were/are in slow decline before the arrival of the aborigines and Europeans, as Australias rainforests progressively shrank. The colour illustrations and landscape reconstructions are a major feature, and they are outstanding. This book is highly recommended for the enthusiastic fossil hunter, or for those just curious in Australian animals and palaeontology in general.

84. Paintings Of Animals
    At first, no one believed that these skillfully painted, manycoloredimages of animals could have been the work of prehistoric artists.  
    http://www.mcdougallittell.com/whist/netact/U1/U1top2.htm
    
    Extractions: Since that first discovery, about 200 caves have been discovered so far in France and Spain. At first, no one believed that these skillfully painted, many-colored images of animals could have been the work of prehistoric artists. But in time they were authenticated, and as new caves were discovered, the animal subjects on the walls and ceilings became a recurring theme. Some historians suggest that the caves are less galleries than sanctuaries. The way the animal figures are placed within the winding tunnels and caverns of the cave may suggest their place in the religion or mythology of their Magdalenian creators. The bison or aurochs is often the most prominently placed.

85. Webpage
    Instead of just having bones to examine, as we do with most extinct creatures, wholemammoths have been discovered. With most prehistoric animals we have to  
    http://www.pleasanthill.k12.or.us/Schools/High/EricksonPages/TheMexicans/webpage
    
    Extractions: Introduction The Age of Mammals Creature of the Ice Age Where did they live? ... FUN!!! Ice Age Introduction The Age of Mammals No one is quite certain why dinosaurs died out. Some scientists think it could have been a change in the climate. Others have said that there might have been a major disaster, like a comet crashing into the earth. With dinosaurs out of the way, mammals could start to develop. It took many millions of years. The woolly mammoth lived during one of the ice ages. When scientists named it, they called it Elephus Primigenius. This means "first born elephant". Scientist called it this because when fossils were discovered they thought it was a very early kind of elephant, but this was not correct. Other fossil remains which have been discovered show that it was one of the later elephants. Many other elephants had been on the earth before the woolly mammoths appeared. The first true elephants had lived millions of years before the woolly mammoth. back to top Creature of the Ice Age The Ice Ages lasted for 200,000 years. When this happened the earth was covered with a coat of ice. Plants did grow during this time and the woolly mammoth was feed upon them. The temperatures were very low, however. To overcome these conditions the woolly mammoth developed a very thick coat of hair. It was a long shaggy coat. To keep the animal warm in these very cold conditions, there were two layers to the coat.

86. Just For Kids - Ages 4-8 - Non-Fiction - Nature - Prehistoric Creatures And Earl
    BUY, 1577659767, ShortFaced Bear, Goecke, Michael P. Hard, 21.64. prehistoric Animalsseries. BUY, 0064461793, Wild and Woolly mammoths Revised Ed, Aliki, Paper, 6.64.  
    http://www.just-for-kids.com/48NFPH.HTM
    
    Extractions: Click on BUY to add a book to your BookBag You can take it out again later if you change your mind. Books labeled are due to be released during the next month and may not yet be shipping. Other books listed below may occasionally be temporarily out of stock, at a different price, or out of print. If this occurs, we will notify you by e-mail and give you the option of cancelling that item, having us hold your order until it is complete, or sending your items in two shipments. Items marked with BUY are on sale! Items marked with BUY ship within 24 hours (business days only). Most other items ship within two to three business days. Items marked Out of Stock are currently unavailable from the distributor. Please call or email us for availability. (look at the bottom of the page)

87. Tolo Lake Mammoths
    forms of life (fossils), such as mammoths, dinosaurs, and the study of fossils ofanimals with bony by archaeologists for places where prehistoric and historic  
    http://radio.boisestate.edu/information/otherprojects/mammoth/glossary.html
    
    Extractions: Glossary Archaeologist Archaeologists are scientists who learn about prehistoric cultures by studying the tools and other remains left by ancient peoples. Artifacts (objects manipulated and used by humans), such as spear points, pottery, ornaments, and grinding stones are studied in conjunction with animal and plant remains recovered from places where people lived long ago. Archaeology Archaeology is the study of prehistoric cultures through the study of the remains they have left behind. (See also: Archaeologist AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) A form of radiocarbon dating that requires only a very small amount of sample material (bone, charcoal, etc.). This technique involves the use of a mass spectrometer to directly measure the amount of radioactive carbon in a sample. This technique was used on a bone from the first Tolo Lake mammoth specimen excavated in 1994. (See also: Carbon-14 Dating BP BP is used by researchers to date an archaeological site, fossils, or time period. It literally means "Before Present", which means the date being referenced is based on the current year. For example, 10,000 BP refers to 10,000 years before today's date. Carbon-14 Dating (Radiocarbon dating) All living things take in carbon. Some carbon contains small amounts of energy, or radiation. These small amounts of radioactive carbon we call Carbon-14 (C-14). At death, the amount of radioactive carbon begins to decay at a constant rate. Radiocarbon or C-14 dating involves measuring the tiny amounts of radiation released from one-living material. These measurements can tell us how old the once-living material is, up to 100,000 years ago. The older the material, the less radiation there is left to release. Bone, wood, cloth, shell, and other materials can all be C-14 dated.

88. SearchNet S IUFO Mailing List THE HOLLOW EARTH [Part 8 Of 15] The
    by Ray Palmer, who does not accept the idea that these animals died in prehistorictimes as a Since the Ice Age there were no mammoths in the known world  
    http://www.beyond-the-illusion.com/files/Orvotron/Spirit-BBS-Files/text/hollo8.t
    
    Extractions: -> SearchNet's IUFO Mailing List THE HOLLOW EARTH [Part 8 of 15] The Greatest Geographical Discovery in History By Dr. Raymond Bernard B.A., M.A. Ph.D. ORIGIN OF THE MAMMOTH Gardner claims that the mammoth and elephant-like creatures of tropical origin found frozen in the Arctic ice, which is derived from fresh water (not salty water as one would suppose, since this is the only water found there) are really animals from the interior of the Earth that came to the surface and became frozen, and are not prehistoric animals as commonly supposed. Gardner's theory of the subterranean origin of the mammoth found confirmation in Admiral Byrd's observation of a living mammoth during his 1,700 mile flight into the land beyond the North Pole, within the polar opening. Gardner claims that these strange animals not known on the Earth's surface were carried by rivers from the Earth's interior, freezing within the ice that was then formed. This theory seems very reasonable, in view of the ice being formed from fresh water not found in the Arctic Ocean. Since this ice, like icebergs, could not have been formed by ocean water, the only explanation is that it comes from other water - fresh water rivers flowing out through the polar opening from the earth's interior. Since these animals are found inside of icebergs, which are composed of fresh water, this water, like the animals frozen in the ice it forms on reaching the surface and exposed to its lower temperature, must come from the earth's interior. Gardner speaks of herds of mammoths, elephants and other tropical animals which, when they venture out to the colder regions near the rim of the polar opening, together with glaciers which form there from water from the interior flowing outward and freezing become frozen in the ice. Or they might fall into crevasses, perhaps concealed by snow, and the moment they fall in, they will be covered by snow and snow-water from above and hermetically sealed in the ice. This would account for the fresh condition in which these mammoths frozen in the ice are found after these glaciers have gradually worked their way over the rise of the polar opening and out into the Siberian wastes where these frozen animals are found in a perfectly fresh and edible condition. Robert B. Cook tells of the remains not only of mammoths, but of hairy rhinoceros, reindeer, hippopotamus, lion and hyena, found in northern glacial deposits. He claims that these animals which were unable to endure cold weather were either summer visitors during the severity of the glacial period or permanent residents when the country had a milder climate. But Gardner maintains that these animals came from inside the earth for the following reason: "Since the reindeer, lion and hyena are present day forms of life and not as old as the mammoth (at least in the form in which we know them today and in which these remains show them to have been when they were alive), it is evident that these animals visited the spots where their remains were found not from southerly climates during early glacial epochs, but that they are remains of visitors from the land of the interior. Otherwise these present day forms would not be found alongside those of the mammoth which we have shown to be a present day inhabitant of the interior of the earth. Not knowing this, Mr. Cook has great difficulty in explaining the occurrence together of these forms which in his view are earlier and later forms of life. But when we shall see that they are really contemporaneous (and both came from the interior of the earth), the difficulty vanishes." In the stomach of the mammoth was found undigested food consisting of young shoots of pine and fir and young fir cones. In others are found fern and tropical vegetation. How could an Arctic animal have tropical food in its stomach? One explanation is that the Arctic region once had a tropical climate, and that a shift of the earth on its axis suddenly brought on the Ice Age and changed the climate to a frigid one. This theory has been offered to explain both the tropical vegetation in the stomach of frozen Arctic animals and the fact that many of these huge animals were of tropical species, related to elephants. Great deposits of elephant tusks were found in Siberia as evidence of the then northern habitat of tropical animals. But there is another theory to explain these facts: that these tropical animals came from the interior of the earth, which has a tropical climate, coming out through the North Polar opening. On reaching the cold exterior with its Arctic climate they froze, since they were unaccustomed to such cold climate. This is the theory held by Ray Palmer, who does not accept the idea that these animals died in prehistoric times as a result of a shifting of the earth on its axis. He says: "True the death must have been sudden, but it was not because the Arctic was previously tropical and suddenly changed to a frigid climate. The sudden Coming of the Ice Age was not the cause of death. The cause of death was Arctic in nature, and could have occurred any time, even recently. Since the Ice Age there were no mammoths in the known world, unless they exist in the mysterious land beyond the Pole, where one of them was actually seen alive by members of the Byrd expedition." "We have taken the mammoth as a rather sensational modern evidence of Byrd's mysterious land, but there are many lesser proofs that an unknown originating point exists somewhere in the northern regions. We will merely list a few, suggestions that the reader, in examining the records of polar explorers for the past two centuries, will find it impossible to reconcile with the known areas of food mentioned early in this presentation of facts, those areas surrounding the polar area on your present-day maps." ASTRONOMICAL EVIDENCE IN SUPPORT OF GARDNER'S THEORY OF A HOLLOW EARTH Gardner devotes a considerable portion of his book to a discussion of astronomical evidence in support of his theory of a hollow earth with polar openings and a central sun by referring the original formation of planets from nebulae and the polar lights observed from Mars, Venus and Mercury. In reference to nebulae, Gardner points out that planetary nebulae show a shell structure, generally with a central star, as observed by H.D. Curtis of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific in an article in "Scientific American" on October 14, 1916. He reports: "Fifty of these nebulae have been studied photographically with the Crosly reflector, using different lengths of exposure in order to bring out the structural details of the bright central portions as well as of the fainter, outlying parts. Most planetary nebulae show a more or less regular ring or shell structure, generally with a central star. " On the basis of the above and other astronomical evidence, Gardner claims that the shape of the nebulae, as seen through the telescope, confirms his theory by showing that in the original formation of planets from nebulae, they acquire a hollow interior, polar openings and a central sun, as is indicated by the shape of the ring nebula shown on the accompanying photograph. Gardner writes: "Why have scientists never really considered the problem of the shape of the planetary nebula? They know from actual observation and photographs that the planetary nebula takes the form of a hollow shell open at the poles and having a bright central nucleus or central sun at its center. Why have they never thought what that must imply? It is evidently one stage in the evolution of the nebula. "Why have scientists never asked themselves what that conformation must logically lead to? Why do they ignore it altogether? Is it not because they cannot explain it without too great a disturbance of their own theories? But our theory shows how that stage in the evolution of a nebula is reached and how it is passed, we show what precedes it in the history of the nebula and what follows it. "We show a continuous evolution passing through that stage to further stages in which those polar openings are fixed, the shell solidified, the nebula reduced to a planet. And it must be remembered that while the original nebula was incomparably greater than a planet in size, measuring even millions of miles across perhaps, at the same time that nebula is composed of gases so attenuated and so expanded by their immense heat that when they solidify they only make one planet." Gardner points out that just as, in the formation of the solar system, some of the original fire remains at the center in the form of the sun, so, in the case of each individual planet, by the same process by which the solar system as a whole is formed, and by a continuation of the same general movement of rotation and the centrifugal throwing out of the heavier masses to the periphery (as shown by the fact that the most outermost planets, as Uranus and Neptune, are larger than those nearer the sun, as Mercury and Venus), in the case of each of the planets, in their formation, some of the original fire remains in the center of each, to form the central sun, while their heavier constituents are thrown to their surface to form the solid crust, leaving the interior hollow. Also, due to their rotation on their axis, centrifugal force causes the mass throughout to collect more at right angles to the axis of rotation, causing a bulge at the Equator, with a corresponding compensation at the poles in form of polar depressions which open to the hollow interior, rather than being perfectly round. It is Gardner's theory, in support of which he presents astronomical evidence in his book, that all planets are hollow and have central suns, this being the basic pattern according to which solar systems are formed from the primordial nebulae from which they originate. Also our universe must have a central sun too, around which the stars circulate. Gardner quotes the famous astronomer, Professor Lowell, that he has seen gleams of light from the polar cap of Mars. According to Gardner, this is due to the central sun of Mars passing through the polar opening. Similar bright lights have been observed coming from the polar region of Venus. During a transit of Mercury across the sun, the planet, while black on the side toward us, was observed to emit a bright light, comparable to the light of our sun, coming from its black disc. Gardner concludes that these three planets are all hollow and have large polar openings misnamed polar caps of ice and snow, but in reality are white due to the large amount of fog and clouds in these regions, and that openings in the fog or clouds permit the central sun to shine through. Such bright lights have repeatedly been observed by astronomers who, not understanding the reason, could not offer any satisfactory explanation. Gardner notes that at times these polar caps disappear suddenly, due to a change of weather and that ice and snow could not melt so rapidly. Professor Newcomb says: "There is no evidence that snow like ours ever formed around the poles of Mars. It does not seem possible that any considerable fall of such snow could take place, nor is there any necessity of supposing actual snow or ice to account for the white caps. " In support of his claim concerning the existence of lights seen at the pole of Mars, Gardner quoted Professor Lowell who notes that on June 7, 1894, he was watching Mars and suddenly saw two points of light flash out from the middle of the polar cap. They were dazzling bright. The lights shone for a few minutes and then disappeared. Green, some years earlier, in 1846, also saw two spots of light at the pole of Mars. Lowell tried to explain the lights he saw as reflections of sunlight by polar ice, but Gardner denies this, quoting Professor Pickering who saw a vast area of white form at the pole of Mars within twenty-four hours, visible as a white cap, and then gradually disappeared. Also Lowell saw a band of dark blue, which he took to be water from the melting ice or snow cap. Gardner believes that the so-called Martian ice cap was really fog and clouds, which also could appear and disappear so rapidly. He writes: "What Lowell really did see was a direct beam - two direct beams at the same moment - flashing from the central sun of Mars out through the aperture of the Martian pole. Does not the blue rim around that area to which Lowell referred indicate the optical appearance of the reflecting surface of the planet gradually curving over to the interior so that at a certain part of the curve it begins to cease reflecting the light? And the fact that it is not seen often simply shows that it is only visible when Mars is in a certain position with relation to the earth, when we are able to penetrate the mouth of the polar opening and catch the direct beam. "Why have scientists never compared the facts of the light cap of Mars with the light that plays over our own polar regions? Do they forget that the auroral display has been observed to take place without any reference to the changing of the magnetic needle? And if the aurora is shown to be independent of magnetic conditions, what else can it be due to than a source of light? Is not the reflection of the aurora light from the higher reaches of the atmosphere comparable to the projection of the light of the Martian caps into the higher reaches of the Martian atmosphere? And how do scientists explain the fact that the aurora is only seen distinctly in the very far north and only seen in a fragmentary way when we get further south?" In support of his view that the polar caps of Mars are not formed of ice and snow but represent the light of its central sun shining through the polar opening, Gardner says: "Why does the hot planet Venus have polar caps like those of Mars if the Martian caps are really composed either of ice, snow or frozen carbon dioxide? Also, why do the polar caps of Venus and Mercury not wax and wane as those of Mars are said to do? And why are the polar caps of Mars seen to throw a mass of light many miles above the surface of the planet when they are seen in a side view if they are really of ice? How could they be so luminous in the first place - more luminous than snow is when seen under similar circumstances? And how could Lowell see direct gleams of light from the caps if there were not beams from a direct light source? "Furthermore, how do scientists account for the fact, noticed also by Professor Lowell, whose observations on Mars all seem to support our theory, that when the planet is viewed through a telescope at night, that its polar light is yellow and now white, as the light from snow caps would be? The central sun is an incandescent mass, and just as the glowing of an incandescent electric light looks yellow when seen from a distance through darkness, so the direct light of the Martian sun would appear yellow - but if this light were reflected from a solid white surface it would certainly appear white. But it does not, and so it is up to the scientists to tell us just why it does not. But so far as we know they have not succeeded in doing this." Mitchell saw two bright flashes of light at the polar cap of Mars which gradually came together. Gardner explains this as due to clouds which passed over the face of the interior sun, causing variations in the light emitted through the polar opening. An English astronomer, W E. Denning, writing in the scientific periodical, "Nature," concerning his observations in 1886, wrote: "During the past few months the north polar cap of Mars has been very bright, sometimes offering a startling contrast to those regions of the surface more feebly reflective. These luminous regions of Mars require at least as much careful investigation as the darker parts. In many previous drawings and descriptions of Mars, sufficient weight has not been accorded to these white spots." The English astronomer, J. Norman Lockyer, in 1892, wrote about Mars: "The snow zone was at times so bright that, like the crescent of the young moon, it appeared to project beyond the planet. This effect of irradiation was frequently visible. On one occasion the snow spot was observed to shine like a nebulous star when the planet itself was obscured by clouds, a phenomenon noticed by Beer and Madler, and recorded in their work, `Fragments Sur les Corps Celestes.' The brightness seemed to vary considerably, and at times, especially when the snow zone was near its minimum, it was by no means the prominent object it generally is upon the planet's disc." Gardner comments on the above observations: "No one who reads the above in the light of our theory can fail to see how it fits in. Only direct beams of light from a central sun could give that luminous effect above the surface of the planet and varying as the atmosphere in the interior or above it was clouded or clear. Had it been a mere ice cap, there would not have been this luminosity when the planet was covered with clouds, as Lockyer says it was. Furthermore, that luminosity is precisely what our aurora borealis would look like if our planet was viewed from a great distance. And the light is the same in both cases. By turning to the planet Venus we shall demonstrate absolutely that the polar circles are not snow, or ice, or even hoar-frost caps, but simply apertures leading to the inner and illumined surface of the planet." On Venus the extensive water vapor tends to equalize the temperature, so that its polar caps are not composed of ice and snow, as supposed in the case of Mars, but which Gardner doubts. Speaking of the polar caps of Venus, MacPherson, in his "Romance of Modern Astronomy," says: "Polar caps have been observed, supposed by some to be similar to those on our own planet and Mars. Some astronomers, however, do not regard them as snow." The French astronomer Trouvelet, in 1878, observed at the pole of Venus a confused mass of luminous points, which Gardner attributes to light from the central sun struggling through the clouds. Since the polar cap is not made of ice, these lights cannot be a reflection of the sun. He believes this is the same case with Mars. Similar lights are seen coming from Mercury. Richard Proctor, one of the best known astronomers of the nineteenth century, wrote: "One phenomenon of Mercury, if real, might fairly be regarded as indicating Vulcanian energies compared with which those of our own earth would be as the puny forces of a child compared with the energies of a giant. It has been supposed that a certain bright spot seen in the black disc of Mercury when the planet is in transit indicates some source of illumination either of the surface of the planet or in its atmosphere. In its atmosphere it could hardly be; nor could any auroral streamers on Mercury be supposed to possess the necessary intensity of lustre. If the surface of Mercury were glowing with the light thus supposed to have been seen, then it can readily be shown that over hundreds of thousands of square miles of that surface must glow with an intensity of lustre compared with which the brightness of the lime light would be as darkness. In fact, the lime light is absolute darkness compared with the intrinsic lustre of the sun's surface; and the bright spot supposed to belong to Mercury has been seen when the strongest darkening-glasses have been employed. But there can be no doubt that the bright spot is an optical phenomenon only." Commenting on Proctor's statement, Gardner writes: "Again we agree with the observation but not with the inference. Here is a spot of light on Mercury, plainly seen through a telescope, so bright that the observer compares it to the incandescence of a sun. It is a much brighter light than any reflection could possibly give. To Proctor such an appearance must have been shocking to the extreme. He was not expecting it and was utterly unprepared to see such a phenomenon. So he is utterly unable to explain it. So Proctor calls this light `an optical phenomenon only.' But we cannot believe that Proctor's eyes have played him a trick. He was a trained astronomical observer. So what he saw must have had some explanation or cause behind it. "It is obvious to us that what he saw was the central sun of Mercury beaming directly through the polar aperture, and as Mercury is a small planet, the interior sun would be rather near the aperture, and there would be no aqueous atmosphere with clouds to darken its beams, with the result that this sun would shine with extraordinary brightness. It may be noticed that its beams put Proctor in mind of the beams from the sun that shines upon all the planets. "What more could be wanted than this to show that Mercury, as well as the other planets, has a central sun, and that such a sun is to be met with universally? Is it not significant that beginning with observations on Mars, we are able to go on to Venus and Mercury, apply the same tests and get the same results? The tests are direct observation or photographic observation. The results are the invariable appearance of a central sun." In addition to the above astronomical evidence in favor of his theory, Gardner refers to the structure of the heads of comets, showing a hollow center, outer crust and central sun. In his book he presents a drawing of Donati's comet, detected from a Florence observatory in 1858. As can be seen it had a central nucleus or sun, which "shone with a brilliance equal to that of the Polar Star" and was 630 miles in diameter. Gardner believes that a comet is a planet which, came into the orbit of some other larger body, like our sun, which tore it from its own orbit, and possibly collided with another planet and the resulting heat transformed most of it into a gaseous tail that trails after it. Gardner claims that the fiery nucleus of the comet was once the central sun of the planet from which it was formed after it broke into fragments. ORIGIN OF THE AURORA BOREALIS Just as there are polar lights from Mars, Venus and Mercury, coming from their central suns shining through their polar openings, so Gardner claims, the same occurs in the case of our own planet, the polar lights which it gives off being the aurora borealis, which is not due to magnetism but to the earth's central sun. Gardner presents the following theory of the origin of the Aurora Borealis: "Why have scientists never compared the facts of the light cap of Mars with the light that plays over our own polar regions? Do they forget that the auroral display has been observed to take place without any reference to the changing of the magnetic needle ? And if the aurora is shown to be independent of magnetic conditions, what else can it be due to than a source of light? Is not the reflection of the aurora light from the higher reaches of the atmosphere comparable to the projection of the light of the Martian caps into the higher reaches of the Martian atmosphere? And how do scientists explain the fact that the aurora is only distinctly seen in the very far north and only seen in a fragmentary way when we get further south?" Gardner concludes that the aurora borealis is due to the central sun shining through the polar orifice on the night sky; and the variations in the streamers of light are due to passing clouds in the interior, which, in their movements, cut off the light of the central sun and cause the reflection on the sky to keep changing. That the aurora is not due to magnetism or electrical discharges is proven by many observations of Arctic explorers showing there is no disturbance of the compass nor crackling sounds that accompany electrical discharges, when the aurora is most intense. Gardner says: "There are some other considerations which show that the aurora is really due to the interior sun. Dr. Kane, in his account of his explorations, tells us that the aurora is brightest when it is white. That shows that when the reflection of the sun is so clear that the total white light is reflected, we get a much brighter effect than when the light is cut up into prismatic colors. In the latter case the atmosphere is damp and dense (in the interior of the earth) - that being the cause of the rainbow effect - and through such an atmosphere one cannot see so much. Hence the display is not so bright as it is when the atmosphere is clear and the light not broken up. "Again, if the aurora is the reflection of the central sun, we should expect to see it fully only near the polar orifice, and see only faint glimpses of its outer edges as we went further south. And that is precisely what is the actual fact of the matter. Says Dr. Nicholas Senn in his book, "In the Heart of the Arctics:" "`The aurora, which only occasionally is seen in our latitudes, is but the shadow of what it is to be seen in the polar region.' "The aurora is not a magnetic or electrical disturbance but simply a dazzling reflection from the rays of the central sun. For if it warms continents and waters in the interior of the earth, if, as we have seen, birds have their feeding and breeding grounds there, if an occasional log or seed or pollen-like dust is seen in the Arctic that came from some such unknown place as we have described, it ought to be possible to obtain enough evidence of such life." [End of Part 8 of 15] - -> Send "subscribe iufo " to majordomo@world.std.com -> Posted by: James Shannon

89. Blather Archives: Mammoth Tales
    while they don t seem to be mammoths as such and Burma, to see if the Nepalese animalsare genetically are no less magical than finding a prehistoric survivor  
    http://www.blather.net/archives2/issue2no14.html
    
    Extractions: Back then, Blather promised to bring you a discussion of the book *Mammoth Hunt In Search of the Giant Elephants of Nepal*, co-written by Blashford-Snell with actress Rula Lenska. Well, finally perused, and finally closed a matter of hours ago, *Mammoth Hunt* is one of those rare books that can only be described as a Damned Good Read. Around 1987, Blashford-Snell (hitherto referred to as JBS) was made aware of rumours concerning 'giant mammoths' which were pillaging villages in remote areas of Nepal. JBS, who has been leading expeditions to remote regions for many years with Operation Raleigh, Discovery Expeditions and the Scientific Exploration Society decided that Nepal was a good place to bring the *clients* of Discovery Expeditions. In all, some seven separate expeditions were executed between 1991 and 1997, the first team containing many tired and listless executives in need of a good shaking up, as well as one Mark O'Shea, described as being a 'mad Irish snake expert'. While *Mammoth Hunt* isn't the kind of book usually discussed in Blather, i.e. it doesn't deal with phenomenalism, at least not in any deliberate sense, *Mammoth Hunt* would be of definite interest to everyone from the armchair-adventurer, those interested in travelling to more *exotic* locations, and to readers with even just a passing interest in cryptozoology.

90. Natural Selection: Subject Gateway To The Natural World
    of several species featured in the list including the ground sloths, jaguars andmammoths plus an Extinct animals; Paleontology/Pleistocene prehistoric animals.  
    http://nature.ac.uk/browse/560.178.html
    
    Extractions: Boreas : an international journal of quaternary research Boreas publishes papers on biological and non-biological aspects of the Quaternary environment, in both glaciated and non-glaciated areas. Full access to the electronic version is available - to subscribers only - from this site. Free to access are tables of contents of recent volumes, instructions for authors and subscription details. Geography; Paleontology/Quaternary; Geology; Collection of Eocene and Oligocene fossils A browseable selection of Eocene and Oligocene fossil images including bivalves, gastropods, vertebrates and other taxa from Bracklesham Beds, Headon Beds, Hamstead Bembridge Osborne Beds and Barton Beds in Hampshire, UK. The site includes links to related sites and references. This resource has been compiled by Dr Alan Morton, a lecturer at Imperial College, London. Fossils; Paleontology/Oligocene; Paleontology/Eocene;

91. Salem, Oregon Public Library Online History Project
    It probably died of natural causes. The remains of Woolly mammoths and other prehistoricanimals have been found at various spots in the Willamette Valley.  
    http://www.salemhistory.net/natural_history/nwm01.htm
    
    Extractions: ELEPHANT-LIKE CREATURES ONCE ROAMED THE SALEM AREAEL ELEFANTE, AL IGUAL QUE OTRAS CRIATURAS, ALGUNA VEZ HABITO EL AREA DE SALEM. A long time ago huge beasts wandered the land on which Salem is built. In 1995 that theory was proven correct by the discovery of the remains of two tusks and a jaw bone on the southeast Salem farm of Tip and Mary Ann Hennessey. The remains were discovered by surprised workmen who were digging a trench for a gas company pipeline. Later, a paleontologist identified the samples as being from a Woolly Mammoth. Buried about eight feet deep the prehistoric tusks were estimated to be about ten to fifteen thousand years old. There were indications that a lake existed in the area at that time. Perhaps the animal was drinking from this lake at the time of its death. It probably died of natural causes. The remains of Woolly Mammoths and other prehistoric animals have been found at various spots in the Willamette Valley. The valley is considered to be fertile ground for the preservation of bones and fossils. A few miles north of Salem the remains of an entire herd of elephant-like creatures have been uncovered.

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