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Lithuania History:     more books (104)

1939: The Year that Changed Everything in Lithuania's History (On the Boundary of Two Worlds) by Sarunas Liekis, 2009-12-18 Once Upon a Time in Lithuania by Naomi Alexander, John Russell Taylor, et all 2006-06-05 Lithuania: Stepping Westward.(Book Review): An article from: Canadian Journal of History by Modris Eksteins, 2003-08-01 The Reformation in Lithuania by Antanas Musteikus, 1988-05-15 Histories of Cities in Lithuania: History of Kaunas, History of Klaipeda, History of Vilnius, Ninth Fort, Zirmunai History of Lithuania by Period: History of Lithuania (1219-1569), History of Lithuania (1569-1795), History of Lithuania (1795-1918) History of Lithuania (1219-1569): Teutonic Knights, Northern Crusades, Livonian Brothers of the Sword, Grand Duchy of Lithuania History of Lithuania (1940-1945): 1940 Soviet Ultimatum to Lithuania, the Holocaust in Lithuania, Occupation of Lithuania by Nazi Germany History of Lithuania (1219-1295) History of Lithuania (1569-1795): Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth, Polonization, Order of Precedence in the Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth Military History of Lithuania: Occupation of the Baltic States History of Lithuania (1945-1990): Forest Brothers LITHUANIA AND LITHUANIANS: An entry from Macmillan Reference USA's <i>Encyclopedia of Russian History</i> by ALFRED ERICH SENN, 2004 Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth: History of Poland (1569? 1795), History of Lithuania, Offices in the Polish? Lithuanian Commonwealth, Administrative division of the Polish? Lithuanian Commonwealth

lists with details

61. Links To Lithuania And Lithuanian Paganism
    Table of Contents. A short Biography of Me history. List of the Grand Dukes; Lecture on Lithuanian Paganism given at a Conference in February 1997;  
    http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/3503/contents.html

62. AllRefer Encyclopedia - Lithuania : History : Early History To The Nineteenth Ce
    AllRefer.com reference and encyclopedia resource provides complete information on lithuania history Early history to the Nineteenth Century, CIS And Baltic  
    http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/L/Lithuania-history.html
    
    Extractions: By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z L Related Category: CIS And Baltic Political Geography Lithuania [lith OO A E u Pronunciation Key History- The pagan Liths, or Lithuanians, may have settled along the Nemen as early as 1500 B.C. In the 13th cent. the Livonian Brothers of the Sword and the Teutonic Knights conquered the region now comprising Estonia, Latvia, and parts of Lithuania. To protect themselves against the Knights, who pressed them from the north and the south, the Lithuanians formed (13th cent.) a strong unified state. Ladislaus II by his marriage with Jadwiga , daughter of Louis I of Poland and Hungary. He accepted and introduced Christianity. The union between Lithuania and Poland had at first the character of an alliance between independent nations. Witowt Tannenberg and Novgorod.

63. History Of Lithuania
    lithuania. history The earliest evidence of inhabitants in presentday lithuania dates back to 10,000 BC. Between 3,000-2,000 BC, the  
    http://www.worldrover.com/history/lithuania_history.html
    
    Extractions: HISTORY The earliest evidence of inhabitants in present-day Lithuania dates back to 10,000 BC. Between 3,000-2,000 BC, the cord-ware culture people spread over a vast region of Eastern Europe, between the Baltic Sea and the Vistula River in the west and the Moscow-Kursk line in the east. Merging with the indigenous population, they gave rise to the Balts, a distinct Indo-European ethnic group whose descendants are the present-day Lithuanian and Latvian nations and the now extinct Prussians. The first written mention of Lithuania occurs in 1009 AD, although many centuries earlier the Roman historian Tacitus referred to the Lithuanians as excellent farmers. Spurred by the expansion into the Baltic lands of the Germanic monastic military orders (the Order of the Knights of the Sword and the Teutonic Order) Duke Mindaugas united the lands inhabited by the Lithuanians, the Samogitians, Yotvingians and Couranians into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) in the 1230s and 40s. In 1251 Mindaugas adopted Catholicism and was crowned King of Lithuania on July 6, 1253; a decade later, civil war erupted upon his assassination until a ruler named Vitenis defeated the Teutonic Knights and restored order. Lithuania's independence under the union with Poland was restored by Grand Duke Vytautas. During his rule (1392-1430) the GDL turned into one of the largest states in Europe, encompassing present-day Belarus, most of Ukraine and the Smolensk region of western Russia. Led by Jogaila and Vytautas, the united Polish-Lithuanian army defeated the Teutonic Order in the Battle of Tannenberg (Gruenwald or Zalgiras) in 1410, terminating the medieval Germanic drive eastward.

64. WorldRover - Country History A To Z
    Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Libya lithuania Luxembourg Macau home, guides, history, stats, culture, embassies.  
    http://www.worldrover.com/historymain.htm

65. Lithuania Travel Information
    The site provides prices, amenities and photos. history of lithuania This tour company s website provides a brief summary of key points in lithuania s history.  
    http://goeasteurope.about.com/cs/lithuania/
    
    Extractions: zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Travel Eastern Europe for Visitors Home ... Discount Travel Websites zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Planning Your Trip Ways to Travel Maps for Eastern Europe Czech Republic Travel ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Subscribe to the About Eastern Europe for Visitors newsletter. Search Eastern Europe for Visitors Lithuania for Travelers

66. WHKMLA : History Of Lithuania, 1386-1569
    Manfred Hellmann, Grundzüge der Geschichte Litauens (Main Features of lithuania s history), Darmstadt Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 1976 (in German).  
    http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/eceurope/lithuania13861569.html
    
    Extractions: King Louis of Poland and Hungary had died in 1382, leaving behind two daughters. The Polish nobility had the younger daughter, Jadwiga - at that time merely 10 years old - divorced from Wilhelm von Habsburg; they offered her in marriage to Duke JOGAILA (widely known under the Polish spelling of his name, JAGIELLO) of Lithuania, if the hitherto pagan Lithuanians would convert to Catholicism and if Lithuania would cede PODOLIA to Poland. Jagiello fulfilled both conditions; the marriage was held in 1386, beginning the Jagiellonian Dynasty in Poland. Jagiello ruled in Poland until 1434; Lithuania in 1392-1430 was ruled by Duke VYTAUTAS THE GREAT . The Grand Duchy, although closely allied with Poland, remained a separate political entity. The Grand Duchy included Lithuanian (now Catholic) heartland in the north, and large stretches of areas inhabited by RUTHENIANS (Belorussians, Ukrainians) of Orthodox confession. At the SYNOD OF NOVOHRODEK (1415) the Orthodox church of the Grand Duchy declared itself independent. Head of the Grand Duchy's Orthodox church was the METROPOLITAN OF KIEV, residing in Novohrodek.

67. WHKMLA : History Of Lithuania, ToC
    Manfred Hellmann, Grundzüge der Geschichte Litauens (Main Features of lithuania s history), Darmstadt Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 1976 (in German).  
    http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/eceurope/xlithuania.html

68. Baltic Countries: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania - Scandinavica.com
    ABOUT LATVIAN AND LITHUANIAN history. The ancestors of the Latvians and Lithianuans, the Balts, settled in the area around 2000 BC.  
    http://www.scandinavica.com/baltics.htm
    
    Extractions: We speak Estonian . The Estonian language is similar to Finnish. Learn Estonian here . Other languages spoken in Estonia are Russian, Ukrainian, English and Finnish. There are several minority communities in Estonia, the most important being the Russians (28%) and the Ukrainians (2.5%). HOW IS OUR COUNTRY LIKE ? What does Estonia look like : it is marshy and rather flat.

69. A Short History Of Lithuania’s Seimas Elections
    Short Remarks about history of Seimas. Modern history of lithuania s Seimas has started just after re establishment of nation- state in 1918.  
    http://vingis.sc-uni.ktu.lt/rinkimai/seimhist.htm
    
    Extractions: Short Remarks about History of Seimas Modern history of Lithuania's Seimas has started just after re- establishment of nation- state in 1918. On April 4th, 1919 State Council of Lithuania adopted Basic Laws of Temporary Constitution with a provision of fully democratic Seimas' elections. It was based on a proportional electoral system and voting for party lists. Nevertheless, initially counting of votes was based on d'Hondt formula, but later (in 1922) it was changed to Quota method. Lithuania's elections' law fully enfranchised all adult population of the country. The right to vote was granted to all citizens of 21 years old and over. The right to be elected to the Seimas was granted to citizens of 24 years old and over. In 1936 amendments to Elections' law changed age limits of voters. According to them only citizens of 24 years old and over were able to take part in the elections. A minimal age limit to be elected to Seimas was established for 30 years old citizens. The elections to Constituent Seimas were held on April 14-16th, 1920. A territory of Lithuania was divided into 10 electoral districts, but actual voting was held only in 7 electoral districts due to occupation of Vilnius region by Poland in 1919. Every member of parliament was supposed to represent approximately 15 thous. adult inhabitants of the country. The Constituent Seimas has had 112 members from 8 parties, ethnic minorities and independents. Procedure of parties' registration for elections required that their lists were supported , at least, by 50 voters in each electoral district. A voting turnout exceeded 90 per cent during elections of the Constituent Seimas.

70. Bank Of Lithuania
    Further readings on the history of the Bank of lithuania can be found in the journal published by the Bank of lithuania “Monetary Studies”.  
    http://www.lb.lt/eng/about/history.html
    
    Extractions: From 1990 to 1992, when Lithuania was still in the rouble zone, the Bank of Lithuania was not able to pursue an active monetary policy, and its main efforts were aimed at preparing for the introduction of the national currency. In 1992 the temporary currency, the talonas, was introduced, which allowed the Bank of Lithuania to perform the functions of an independent central bank. The litas was introduced in 1993, triple-digit inflation was curbed and the exchange rate of the litas was stabilised. Seeking relative price stability over a longer period, the Litas Credibility Law of 1994 pegged the litas to the US dollar at fixed exchange rate; pursuant to this Law, the litas is issued into circulation with a 100 per cent backing with gold and convertible currency reserves, and the main source of issue is the purchases of foreign exchange by the Bank of Lithuania.

71. Polish History - Part 4
    A BRIEF history OF POLAND. Copyright 1994 AngloPol Corporation Distributed by the Polonia Media Network Part 4 Union with lithuania.  
    http://www.poloniatoday.com/history4.htm
    
    Extractions: In 1384, Hedwig, an 11-year-old daughter of Louis the Hungarian, was called to Poland by the knights and representatives of towns and ascended the Polish throne. The group of Krakow magnates who were ruling Poland chose to give her hand to the pagan ruler of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Jagiello. There was one string attached, howeverLithuanians had to become Christian and become part of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom. The Union was concluded at Krewo in 1385. One year later, Jagiello was baptized in Krakow, assuming the name of Ladislaus, and the assembly of Polish knights elected him King of Poland. After the death of Hedwig in 1399, Jagiello's right to the throne was confirmed by the Royal Council. That sealed the elective character of the throne in the Crown of the Polish Kingdom. Poland and Lithuania concluded the Union in light of the perils posed to both states by the expansion of the Teutonic Order. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a very large and internally differentiated state. Very few Lithuanians inhabited the northern and western areas of the state. To the east and south laid the lands of the Ruthenian princes, which Lithuania had conquered, having repelled the Mongols. The population of Ruthenians (inhabitants of Slavonic descent professing Orthodox Christianity) was more numerous, with their language and culture dominating even at the court of the grand Lithuanian dukes.

72. World InfoZone - Lithuania Information - Page 2
    Thursday 20th May. lithuania Information Page 2. history The first mention of lithuania was in the chronicles, the Annals of Quedlinburg , in 1009.  
    http://www.worldinfozone.com/country.php?country=Lithuania&page=2

73. Country Study Lithuania Social Studies
    CIA The World Factbook lithuania A detailed look at lithuania including history, culture, political structure, economy and many other topics.  
    http://www.archaeolink.com/country_study_lithuania_culture_.htm
    
    Extractions: Lithuania People History Culture Home Afghanistan Albania Algeria ... Vietnam You may find additional information about the country of your choice in the sections for Archaeology Anthropology or Ancient Civilizations CIA - The World Factbook Lithuania A detailed look at Lithuania including history, culture, political structure, economy and many other topics. - From US Central Intelligence Agency. - http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/lh.html Colleges and Universities - Lithuania List of schools with direct contact links. - From Christina DeMello - http://www.mit.edu:8001/people/cdemello/lt.html Country Profile: Lithuania A general overview including history, political structure, culture, leaders, media, and more. "The largest of the three Baltic states, Lithuania has sought to reassert its place in Europe since declaring its independence from the Soviet Union in 1990." - illustrated - From BBC - http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1106095.stm

74. Global Lithuanian Net. Lithuania
    Links to WWW pages Resources related to Lithuanians Lithuanian Internet resources Lithuanian mythology Lithuanian history (revised) Big set of Lithuanian TTF  
    http://www.lithuanian.net/

75. Haaretz - English
    If in the lower grades the approach to history is still positive, in the of everything. How do the textbooks that are published in lithuania today relate to  
    http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/425466.html
    
    Extractions: Search site Hebrew Site Subscribe to Print Edition Make Haaretz your homepage Print Edition News Business Features Sports ... Barghouti trial Previous Editions Select Day 09 jun 08 jun 07 jun 06 jun 04 jun 03 jun 02 jun 01 jun 31 may 30 may 28 may 27 may Weather Partly cloudy and cooler than seasonal. Click for more Currency rates Representative rates June 9 IL Market Dollar Euro GB Sterling Yen (100) Jor. Dinar Indices Last update 09:20-10/06 Dollar Euro TA 100 Maof Tel-Tech Nasdaq Dow This Day in Haaretz Today`s Papers Map of Israel Useful Numbers ... Headline Newsbox setTiArrays('0', 'Far-right activist Noam Federman released from administrative detention to house arrest after eight months', '09:15', 'Israel Radio'); setTiArrays('1', 'IDF hand grenade hurled into TA parking lot on Tzora Street, several vehicles damaged', '08:31', 'Itim'); setTiArrays('2', 'Tzachi Hanegbi: PM must find coalition alternative, does not object to Labor joining government', '08:24', 'Israel Radio'); setTiArrays('3', 'Prime Minister`s Office: PM has not approved the proposed timetable for evacuating settlements', '08:14', 'Army Radio'); setTiArrays('4', 'National Security Council plan sets September 15, 2005 as final date for evacuation of settlers from Gaza', '07:12', 'Army Radio');

76. History Of The Jews In Poland
    uprising under Bohdan Chmielnicki broke up, was a breakthrough in the history of both cent of the total population of Poland and the Grand Duchy of lithuania.  
    http://members.core.com/~mikerose/history.html
    
    Extractions: History of the Jews in Poland Early History The earliest verifiable records of Jewish settlement in Poland date from the late 11th century. However, it is generally believed that Jews arrived in Poland much earlier. Many scholars discard the theory that a large number of followers of the Judaic faith came to Poland from the east in about 965 after the fall of the Khazar state. While it is true that the rulers of Khazar converted to Judaism, there is substantial disagreement amongst researchers as to whether or not their subjects converted in significant numbers. The first Jews to arrive on Polish territory were merchants who were referred to as Radhanites. The Radhanites were merchants whose trade extended over vast distances between east ans west. They were fluent in Arabic, Persian, Greek, Spanish, "Franklish" and "Slav" languages. Their entrance occurred simultaneously with the formation of the Polish state. One of them was Ibrahim ibn Jacob, the author of the first extensive account about Poland. In the summer of 965 or 966 Jacob made a trade and diplomatic journey from his native Toledo in Moslem Spain to the Holy Roman Empire and Slavonic countries. Feudal disintegration, the birth of towns and the development of commodity money relations favored the settlement by Jews in Poland. Nevertheless, the influx of Jews was brought about mostly by their persecution in Western Europe, which gained in force during the crusades. Among the first Jews to arrive in Poland (in 1097 or 1098) were those banished from Prague. Jews from Bohemia and Germany settled primarily in Silesia. They usually engaged in trade and agriculture and some owned landed estates. By the middle of the14th century they had occupied thirty-five Silesian towns. Jewish settlement in other parts of Poland proceeded at a much slower pace and the first mention of Jewish settlers in Plock dates from 1237, in Kalisz from 1287 and a Zydowska (Jewish) street in Krakow in 1304.

77. Iron Crosses: Pre-Christian History And Beliefs
    A look at the history of the last pagan country of Europe, lithuania. The site includes translations of folktales, histories of the grand dukes and a collection of lectures on the ancient preChristian beliefs.  
    http://www.geocities.com/~zemyna/
    
    Extractions: ithuania, on the shore of the Baltic Sea, has had a very intriguing role in European development, in various ways: militarily, economically, politically and religiously. It was the last country to accept Christianity, in 1387, as part of the marriage agreement between Grand Duke Jogaila and Jadwiga, Queen of Poland. The new faith lived in conjunction with the old nature-based beliefs; and well into the twentieth century in certain regions. odern Lithuanians are an unusual amalgam of Catholicism and a fierce pride in their pagan past. Many will proudly state that Grand Duke Jogaila and his cousin Grand Duke Vytautas the Great defeated the Crusading Teutonic Order. The language was nearly wiped out when it was under the auspices of the Russian Empire But it endured, and to this day Lithuanians are fiercely protective of both their language and of their culture. This website is dedicated to exploring the history, culture, folktales, and folk beliefs of this most colourful country. Table of Contents zemyna@geocities.com

78. Medieval Lithuania
    Central and Eastern Europe s medieval history cannot be fully understood without some familiarity with lithuania s medieval history.  
    http://viduramziu.lietuvos.net/en/
    
    Extractions: News of the project "Wooden Castle" Lietuviškai HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL LITHUANIA Welcome to Medieval Lithuania! This site is devoted to the history of Lithuania in the Middle Ages. Central and Eastern Europe's medieval history cannot be fully understood without some familiarity with Lithuania's medieval history. Medieval Lithuania included also the territory of modern Belarus and the greater part of Ukraine and had strongly influenced the historical fate of Poland and the other countries in the region. At the end of the Middle Ages almost the whole of Central Europe was ruled by the dynasty of Lithuanian origin – the Jagiellonians. The lands of the three Jagiellonian brothers (Wladislas, the King of Bohemia and Hungary; John Albert, the King of Poland; Alexander, the Grand Duke of Lithuania) formed a Jagiellonian political system, which existed from 1492 to 1526.

79. Castles Of Lithuania - Voruta
    the Šeimyniškeliai hillfort became the most widely investigated hillfort of lithuania because of You’ll find here more information on the history of the  
    http://viduramziu.lietuvos.net/pilys/voruta-en.htm
    
    Extractions: News of the project "Wooden Castle" Lietuviškai CASTLES OF LITHUANIA The Castle of Voruta History of Voruta News Research reports ... Poetry The Castle of Voruta The castle of Voruta was one of the most important castles during the reign of the first and the only crowned King of Lithuania Mindaugas (1238–1263). Here Mindaugas defended himself in 1251, in time of the internal war. Later Voruta disappeared and its location became a matter of dispute among historians. The hillfort of Šeimyniškėliai near Anykščiai (which was called Varutė Hill by the local people) is the most reliable site of the castle of Voruta. The archaeological investigations of the hillfort started in 1990 (chief – Gintautas Zabiela). In 1997 the mayor of the Anykščiai region Saulius Nefas suggested an idea of building a wooden castle on the Šeimyniškėliai (Voruta) hillfort. It was supported by a large number of representatives of intelligentsia not only in Anykščiai, but also in the whole of Lithuania. After long discussions with both the community and experts of cultural heritage protection, the construction of the castle on the entirely excavated hillfort was approved.

80. Internet Resources For Lithuanian Studies
    Empire Karaims; Jewish history of lithuania - from the Website Heritage Films ; Anti-Semitism World Report 1997 - lithuania. Culture  
    http://www.slavweb.com/eng/fsu/lit-e.html

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