Hydrates in hydrate exceeds all other reserves 3 (fossil fuels, soil, peat Carbon dioxide,like methane, is a component of natural gas and may form hydrates in oil http://www.hydratetech.com/hydrates.htm
Extractions: Gas Hydrates Gas Hydrates are nonstoichiometric crystalline compounds that belong to the inclusion group known as Clathrates. Hydrates occur when water molecules attach themselves together through hydrogen bonding and form cavities which can be occupied by a single gas or volatile liquid molecule. The presence of a gas or volatile liquid inside the water network thermodynamically stabilizes the structure through physical bonding via weak van der Waals forces. Methane trapped in a hydrate cage (adapted from Suess et al., 1999) Naturally occurring hydrates are being looked upon as a future energy source and a potential global climate hazard . These naturally occurring hydrates, containing mostly methane, exist in vast quantities within and below the permafrost zone and in sub sea sediments . At present the amount of organic carbon entrapped in hydrate exceeds all other reserves (fossil fuels, soil, peat, and living organisms). On the other hand, if global warming occurs, the temperature will rise and decompose some of these methane hydrates in the earth. Methane is one of the most harmful greenhouse gases and this effect could be potentially threatening.
Extractions: The structure of gas hydrates. The highly regular structure that accommodates molecules might bring to mind zeolite structures. In fact zeolites correspond to gas hydrates in respect of the highly regular structure, the ability to host foreign molecules and the extent of the interaction forces that play a role in accommodating the guest molecules. Distinction between zeolites and gas hydrates lies in the duration the guest molecules are hosted, i.e., zeolites is short term (for the time a reaction takes place generally) and gas hydrates can 'store' the guest molecules for a much longer time. Also gas hydrates consist of cavities between which no exchange of molecules is possible while zeolites contain canal-like structures through which molecules can move freely.
Extractions: Natural gas hydrates are akin to slush balls of water and natural gas that form in low temperatures and under high pressure. Many reservoirs are located within deep permafrost of certain Arctic sedimentary basins and in marine sediments in coastal zones. Estimates suggest that the world's natural gas hydrate reservoirs contain more than twice the amount of energy found in all other known sources of fossil fuels, including natural gas, oil, coal, and oil sands. The research project began in mid-December 2001, led by NRCan's Geological Survey of Canada. The project areas was the Mallik gas hydrate field in the Mackenzie Delta on the shores of the Beaufort Sea. Three research wells were drilled through the permafrost. This drilling and the associated scientific program were aimed at helping evaluate the potential and economic viability of gas hydrate production, and to study the role of gas hydrates in climate change. (The release of gas from such reservoirs would increase the amount of methane in the atmosphere.) The project involved more than 50 scientists. Those involved are very encouraged by the results of the production testing, a first step toward evaluating gas hydrates as a practical source of energy. Being able to economically access hydrates could make many nations much more energy self-sufficient.
Middle East Technical University Areas Of Interest Department Of Petroleum of fossil fuels fossil fossil fuels Fuel Characterisation Characterisation Fuel FuelCharacterisation gas natural natural gas natural gas hydrates gas Hydrate http://ia.metu.edu.tr/en/as/000b0321petrolvedogalgazmuhendisligibolumu.htm
GAS HYDRATES: Energy For The Future as much as the amount in all fossil fuels on earth. . in the hydrate could be extractedand used as fuel. Methane is natural gas and it can just be burned using http://www.pulseplanet.com/archive/Oct96/1315.html
Extractions: The sea is full of wonders. One of them, buried beneath the ocean floor, could be a solution to the Earth's energy problems. I'm Jim Metzner, and this is the Pulse of the Planet. "The amount of methane in the ocean sediments is immense. One conservative estimate suggests that the amount of methane is twice as much as the amount in all fossil fuels on earth." Buried in the sea floor, gas hydrates are deposits of crystallized methane. William Dillon, a scientist at the Wood's Hole Geological Survey, studies these packets of potential underwater energy. "Gas hydrates are ice-like materials that form out of water molecules. But unlike ice, which is the same sort of thing, a gas hydrate has a gas molecule stuffed into its crystal structure, generally methane. Gas hydrates look exactly like ice. The only thing that's different about them is that if you struck a match, this ice would burn." "Gas hydrate will form wherever temperature and pressure conditions are suitable for them to form. You can't stop it from forming. So whenever the pressure is moderately high and the temperature is moderately low and the gas and water are available, you'll form gas hydrates."
Untitled Document to be played by gas hydrates, still untapped gas reservoirs under the earth s polesand the exploitation of hydrogen. Of all fossil fuels, natural gas has the http://www.eurogas.org/naturalgas/nat_txt5.htm
Extractions: Natural gas is not only an environmentally friendly energy source; it has also long-term available reserves, making a significant contribution to secure energy supplies for Europe. European gas companies have made substantial investments in supply security and infrastructure for gas supplies well into the 21st century. Though an end to the upward trend for natural gas in Europe is not in sight, gas companies are nonetheless looking further ahead and developing scenarios for using natural gas together with, perhaps, renewable energies as a "pipeline to the future". In this context, a major role is likely to be played by gas hydrates, still untapped gas reservoirs under the earth's poles and the exploitation of hydrogen. Of all fossil fuels, natural gas has the highest hydrogen content and is thus suitable for building the bridge to a future hydrogen economy. The present supply structure has a pipeline network which can be used for future sustainable energy systems without need for any fundamental modifications. It virtually provides the cornerstone for a new supply structure in the future. It is possible to inject into this system a mixture of fossil fuels from conventional and non-conventional sources, hydrogen from renewable energies and methane from biomass. The existing storage facilities can be utilised for intermediate storage. On the consumption side, particularly in the residential sector, there will be a combination of fossil and renewable fuels, including solar energy.
The Nanocatalysis And Fossil Fuels Report the main component of natural gas, and the cleanest of the fossil fuels) that couldlast for thousands of years, in the form of methane hydrates sitting at the http://nanotech-now.com/nanocatalysis-fossil-fuels-report.htm
Extractions: Recent developments in the application of nanotechnology to catalysis are promising to lower oil price pressure through improved coal liquefaction and gas to liquid processes, allowing countries such as China, the US, Canada, India, Russia and Australia to significantly reduce or eliminate their requirements for imported oil. Table of Contents ORDER The Nanotechnology Opportunity Report (TM) All 25 Reports Executive Summary Energy is the world's largest market, and one that has political and strategic impacts unmatched by any other sector. Most countries are entirely dependent for their energy needs on the finite resources of fossil fuels. Fluctuations in energy prices can bring economies to their knees, and allow otherwise less influential or developed countries to become major players in world politics.
Clarkson U. | TMFL | Research | Hydrates fossil fuels are expected to continue to play a dominant developments, however, iscentered on natural gas due to Methane hydrate reserves in the oceans and in http://www.clarkson.edu/fluidflow/research/hydrate/hydrate.html
Extractions: Research Projects Air Boiler ... Vibration Control The primary goal of this project is to provide a fundamental understanding of flow conditions of hydrate dissociation products in consolidated and unconsolidated sediment. We also will develop semi-analytical computational models to be used as tools to guide the safety related issues. These include predicting the rate of natural gas pressure buildup during drilling in a hydrate reservoir, the nature of gas and water flows in the reservoir after hydrate dissociation, and the potential for sea floor instability. Availability of such an understanding, detailed experimental data and a computational tool are crucial to the future development of technology for economical and safe natural gas production from hydrate in the 21st Century. The experimental phase of the study, is concerned with visualizing and measuring the gas and water velocities during hydrate dissociation, as well as examining the nature of slurry flows that are produced by the hydrate dissociation in unconsolidated sediments. Funded by US Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL)
Natural Gas Future fuels Future US agency explains how fossil fuels are found of our past and fuels forthe future. com/ USGS Fact Sheet 02101 natural gas hydrates Vast Resource http://www.compassfinancial.com/futures32/natural-gas-future.html
Alexander S Gas Oil Connections - Japan Searches For Commercial fossil fuels such as coal and oil, but the prevailing technology for transportingand storing it in liquefied form is costly. Particles of natural gas hydrates http://www.gasandoil.com/goc/company/cns23634.htm
W0098: Natural Gas Hydrates: A Review Hydrate is a problem to natural gas industry because they can stored in seafloormethane hydrates is more the combination of all other forms of fossil fuels. http://www.hwi.buffalo.edu/ACA/ACA01/abstracts/text/W0098.html
Extractions: Natural gas hydrates are ice-like crystalline inclusion compounds in which guest molecules stabilize the cages formed by hydrogen-bonded water molecules at low temperatures and high pressures. There are three known types of natural gas hydrates: structure I (sI), structure II (sII) and structure H (sH). Both sI and sII hydrates have cubic unit cells, while sH has hexagonal unit cell. We suspect that there might be more natural gas hydrate structures based on XRD studies. Hydrate structures are primarily determined by the size of guest molecules. Hydrate is a problem to natural gas industry because they can form plugs in pipelines under certain T P conditions and cause significant production loss; and the dissociation of sea-floor hydrates may cause safety problems. On the other hand, hydrate can be beneficial. It is estimated that the amount of energy stored in sea-floor methane hydrates is more than twice the combination of all other forms of fossil fuels. Hydrate can also be used for energy storage and transportation, and sequestrating green house gases (i.e. CO
Extractions: Home Contact Us About Us Courses ... WAG (mm) Gas hydrates and crystalline compounds that can form when water or ice and suitably sized molecules are brought together under favourable conditions, usually at low temperatures and elevated pressures. Gas hydrates could form in numerous hydrocarbon production and processing operations, causing serious operational and safety concerns. In the natural environment, suitable conditions for methane hydrate formation can be found in some marine and deep lake sediments, and in the subsurface of artic permafrost regions. Current estimates suggest that the energy held in this form is twice that of total fossil fuels, a vast untouched natural gas reserve. The Centre for Gas Hydrate Research at Heriot-Watt University addresses various aspects of flow assurance and gas hydrate research, including: avoiding gas hydrate, wax and asphaltene problems in petroleum production and transportation, design and testing of low dosage hydrate inhibitors and the natural occurrence of hydrates in marine sediments. Further areas of interest include positive aspects of gas hydrate technology, such as their application in processing and transportation of hydrocarbon fluids, role of hydrates as neutron moderators, CO
Nature Web Focus: Fossil Fuels REVIEW The longterm carbon cycle, fossil fuels and atmospheric composition RA REVIEWFundamental principles and applications of natural gas hydrates ED Sloan http://www.nature.com/nature/focus/fossilfuels/
Extractions: Click here to read the PDF version of this story Print this story Email it to an associate North America's Source for Oil and Gas News September 2002 Vol. 7, No. 37 Week of September 15, 2002 B.C. fishermen land huge energy source Scientists say methane hydrate deposits could meet Canadas needs for 40 years, but agree with industry leaders that commercial development is distant prospect By Gary Park PNA Canadian Correspondent Fishermen trawling the sea floor off Vancouver Island two years ago may have netted the biggest energy source in Canada. Instead of an edible catch, they hauled up chunks of ice that fizzled the moment they broke the surface. The discovery has since turned into what scientists believe is the largest quantity of methane hydrate ever discovered on the ocean bottom in Canada. Some methane hydrate blocks big as houses The frozen deposits of natural gas could equal the known reserves of onshore gas across Canada and have the potential to meet Canadas energy needs for 40 years, a University of Victoria research team announced Sept. 9. Alerted by the fishermen, the scientists returned to the discovery site with a submersible vehicle and found methane hydrate blocks, some as large as houses, at depths of 2,800 feet.
Science News Online (11/9/96): The Mother Lode Of Natural Gas all reserves of coal, oil, and conventional natural gas. that one can bring the gasup at energyhungry nations lacking conventional fossil fuels are extremely http://www.sciencenews.org/sn_arch/11_9_96/bob1.htm
Extractions: November 9, 1996 By RICH MONASTERSKY F or kicks, oceanographer William P. Dillon likes to surprise visitors to his lab by taking ordinary-looking ice balls and setting them on fire. "They're easy to light. You just put a match to them and they will go," says Dillon, a researcher with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in Woods Hole, Mass. If the truth be told, this is not typical ice. The prop in Dillon's show is a curious and poorly known structure called methane hydrate. Unlike ordinary water ice, methane hydrate consists of single molecules of natural gas trapped within crystalline cages formed by frozen water molecules. Although chemists first discovered gas hydrates in the early part of the 19th century, geoscientists have only recently started documenting their existence in underground deposits and exploring their importance as a potential fuel. Late last year, a team of oceanographers conducted the most in-depth investigation of methane hydrates to date by drilling into an extensive accumulation beneath the seabed off the coast of the southeastern United States. The results of this research, which are now beginning to appear in the scientific literature, seem to bolster extremely sketchy estimates made years ago about the vastness of the hydrate resource. "It turns out there is a tremendous amount of gas down there," says Charles Paull, a marine geologist at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and a leader of the recent drilling expedition. "It shores up the fact that these are large reserves and makes it increasingly important that they get assessed in terms of whether they are energy-producing deposits or not."
Gauging The (natural) Gas on the fossilfuel horizon gas hydrates? Within the past two years, the energyindustry has been bubbling about this new source of natural gas that could http://whyfiles.org/119nat_gas/
Extractions: Global energy consumption is expected to grow 60 percent by 2020 over 1997, from 380 quadrillion BTUs to 608 quadrillion BTUs. One barrel of oil supplies about 5.8 million BTUs. U.S. Energy Information Administration Globally, natural gas consumption is expected to more than double by 2020. Is this increase sustainable with present supplies? 5 Oct 2000 With the price of energy heading north and winter heading into the Northern Hemispheric, President Clinton has uncorked the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. While he hopes spilling 30 million barrels of oil will ease the price spiral, other politicians want to drill for oil in the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge.
Extractions: FuturePundit: future technological trends and their likely effects on human society, politics and evolution. Go Read More Posts On FuturePundit.com April 17, 2003 Natural Gas Made Into Pellet Hydrates For Easier Transportation Technology review has an interesting article on the work of Japanese researchers to convert natural gas into a solid form to make it easier to transport from small remote fields that would otherwise be too expensive to operate. Japanese researchers Hajime Kanda and Yasuhara Nakajima at Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding in Tokyo think theyve found a solution with the aid of hydrates, solid crystals in which natural gascomposed chiefly of methaneis caged inside of water molecules. If the article is correct then currently most of the natural gas in the world is not exploitable because the fields are too small and can't justify the cost of building pipelines to transport the natural gas from them to market. If these Japanese researchers succeed then natural gas could become a much larger percentage of total fossil fuel use. It is worth having a look at world natural gas reserves . The world total known reserves of oil is 1212.811 billion barrels and for natural gas it is 5,501.424 trillion cubic feet. Saudi Arabia has the biggest oil reserves at 261.800 billion barrels or about 21% of world oil reserves. But Russia has 1680 trillion cubic feet of natural gas or over 30% of world natural gas. Russia has only 60 billion barrels of oil reserves while Saudi Arabia has only 224.7 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.
Natural Gas Shortage (title Provided Or Enhanced By Cataloger) natural gas Shortage (title provided or enhanced by cataloger) This Why Files article investigates the current and expected decline of fossil fuels (natural gas, coal, and petroleum) as prices http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://whyfiles.org/119nat_gas/index.html&y
AQUAlibrium - Hydrates Links fossil fuel revolution begins from BBC News; Molecular Cold gas May Be Clean FuelSource from Burns Science News Online; natural gas hydrates Separation and http://www.telusplanet.net/public/jcarroll/HLINKS.HTM
Extractions: AQUAlibrium Software for Phase Equilibria in Natural Gas-Water Systems Gas Hydrate Links Here are some links to web pages on hydrates. Many of these pages have additional links for you to explore. Note the tag means the link has been updated and not necessary the page. Several links are marked as Dead? and would appreciate any update on these sites. If no update is received, they will be removed. For other links, visit the AQUAlibrium Links Page AQUAlibrium and its authors claim no responsibility for the information contained on the following pages. They are provided as a service to our visitors. [Gas Hydrates page] [AQUAlibrium Home page] Hydrogen Hydrates - from ScienceDaily Methane Hydrates Stability in Seawater Water cluster architecture, based on gas clathrates Gas Hydrates - James B. Calvert, University of Denver Buried Treasure Ocean methane played role in extinctions - from the Seattle Post-Intelligencer Fire in the Ice - from SanDiego.com Improved clathrate modelling - part of Ronald J. Bakker thesis at Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Germany
DOE - Fossil Energy - Oil And Gas Supply And Delivery This section of the DOE fossil Energy Web Site provides links to the natural gas and oil research and development programs funded by the federal government. Other Clean fuels. Oil gas. Supply http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/oilgas
Extractions: Oil and natural gas are the lifeblood of the U.S. economy. Together they account for more than 60 percent of the energy consumed in the United States. Although the United States obtains less than half its oil from domestic fields (the rest is imported from foreign sources), two-thirds of all the oil discovered in the country remains in the ground. Natural gas is more plentiful but as demand increases, U.S. producers are turning increasingly to deeper, more complex and difficult-to-produce gas reservoirs. Methane Hydrates - The Gas Resource of the Future
