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Fossil Fuels Coal: more books (100)

Free Radicals and Coals in Synthetic Fuels (Coal science and technology) by Leonidas Petrakis, David W. Grandy, 1983-10
Kansas Fuels; Coal, Oil, Gas by Perley F. Walker, 2010-07-24
Geochemistry of Sulfur in Fossil Fuels (Acs Symposium Series)
Fossil Fuels Utilization: Environmental Concerns (Acs Symposium Series) by Richard Markuszewski, 1986-09
Gaseous Fuels; Coal and Coke (Annual Book of a S T M Standards Volume 0506)
Oil, Gas, and Coal (Energy for Today) by Tea Benduhn, 2008-07
New Sources of Oil and Gas: Gases from Coal, Liquid Fuels from Coal, Shale, Tar Sands, and Heavy Oil Sources by Penner, 1982-11
Synthetic Fuels from Coal: Overview and Assessment by Larry L. Anderson, David A. Tillman, 1980-07-02
Synthetic Fuels from Coal: Status of the Technology
Unconventional Fossil-Based Fuels: Economic and Environmental Trade-Offs (Technical Report) by Michael Toman, 2008-10-25
Structure and Thermoplasticity of Coal
Coal and energy: The need to exploit the world's most abundant fossil fuel (A Benn study) by Derek Ezra, 1978
Coal age: coal production is increasing. A review of U.S. supply and demand.(FOSSIL FUELS): An article from: Energy by Fred Freme, 2005-03-22
Coal: A Human History by Barbara Freese, 2004-01-27

lists with details

Energy Resources - Fossil Fuels
Use an overview approach to some simple compounds that are present in the fossil fuels of coal, oil, and natural gas. Text p. 214228. QUES.
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/onlcourse/chm110/outlines/topic6.html

Extractions: Do one question from the QUES 1-9 . Use the assigned student ID numbers. Questions Ques. 1 Ques. 2 Ques. 3 Ques. 4 Ques. 5 Student ID Questions Ques. 6 Ques. 7 Ques. 8 Ques. 9 Student ID Second Question of your choice from QUES 1-9. A third question may be to respond or comment to someone else, or use General Questions to ask a general question the Prof or others might answer. Check Answers already posted for the Blackboard On-line Discussion - Topic 6 Requirements for the Lecture On-Line Discussion
The Nanocatalysis And Fossil Fuels Report
shift in both the economic and political balance of the fossil fuels market. It is notable in this respect that the most advanced coal liquefaction catalytic
http://nanotech-now.com/nanocatalysis-fossil-fuels-report.htm

Extractions: Recent developments in the application of nanotechnology to catalysis are promising to lower oil price pressure through improved coal liquefaction and gas to liquid processes, allowing countries such as China, the US, Canada, India, Russia and Australia to significantly reduce or eliminate their requirements for imported oil. Table of Contents ORDER The Nanotechnology Opportunity Report (TM) All 25 Reports Executive Summary Energy is the world's largest market, and one that has political and strategic impacts unmatched by any other sector. Most countries are entirely dependent for their energy needs on the finite resources of fossil fuels. Fluctuations in energy prices can bring economies to their knees, and allow otherwise less influential or developed countries to become major players in world politics.
Fossil Fuel Power Pictures, Photography -Electricity; PHOTOVAULT Technology: Fos
PHOTOVALET (tm) Enter search term, Technology Power Electricity; fossil fuels - coal, Gas and Oil, Images by Wernher Krutein and PHOTOVAULT.
http://www.photovault.com/Link/Technology/Power/FossileFuels/TPFVolume01.html
SEEN
coal. Of all of the fossil fuels, coal is the cheapest, and so, despite the warnings of Rio, it remains the fuel of choice for many countries in the South.
http://www.seen.org/pages/energy.shtml

Extractions: An Introduction to Fossil Fuels Coal Between 1973 and 1993, coal use increased by 36 percent, growing fastest in South America (360 percent) and Asia (162 percent) and slowest in Europe (6 percent) . The world now burns more than 3.5 billion tons of coal a year. Countries like China, India, and Brazil, which have their own substantial coal reserves, are expected to burn coal most rapidly. China alone releases 650 million metric tons of carbon from coal-burning per year (about 27 percent of the world total from coal burning)and is projected to double its coal consumption by 2010. At a shadow price of about $20 per ton of carbon , China is now externalizing at least $13 billion in carbon emissions per year from coal burning alone . Global energy use projections suggest that, in large part because of their high coal consumption, China and India will account for more than 20 percent of all carbon dioxide emissions from the global South by 2010. Oil The world now consumes 65 million barrels of oil a day. Oil burned by cars alone produces nearly a fifth of global carbon dioxide; other noxious byproducts include carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. Our addiction to oil is directly proportional to our universal addiction to the automobile: Every second, an additional car takes to the road.
Geology And Sources Of Energy; Rockhounding Arkansas
be mined. coal, oil and gas are collectively called fossil fuels, because they formed from organic (living) matter. Uranium is also
http://rockhoundingar.com/geology/energy.html

Extractions: Careers Geology and Sources of Energy by Steve Sharp, P.E. S ome of our mineral resources can be taken out of the ground and used for fuel. Raw materials have two sources: they can be grown or they can be mined. Coal, oil and gas are collectively called fossil fuels, because they formed from organic (living) matter. The ways that electricity was generated in Arkansas in 1997. This data is from the Energy Information Agency. There are several naturally occurring sources of energy that are used in Arkansas to generate electricity. Electricity is perhaps the most readily available form of energy that we all use everyday in our homes, schools, offices, businesses and factories. Coal, natural gas, fuel oil, uranium and falling or flowing water are all used to generate large amounts of electricity in Arkansas. Wind and solar energy are also used by some, but the amount of electricity they generate is very small.
Fossil Fuels - Oil, Coal, Gas
Earth science for schools by Moorland School. fossilS INTO fuels. Crude oil, natural gas and coal are fossil fuels. fossil fuels are
http://www.moorlandschool.co.uk/earth/earthresources.htm

Extractions: Crude oil, natural gas and coal are fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are very precious resources because they are non-renewable (once they're used, that's it!). We can also make lots of organic chemicals from them, needed to make products such as paints, detergents, polymers (including plastics), cosmetics and some medicines. Fossil fuels were formed from the fossillized remains of dead plants and animals that once lived millions of years ago. Oil and natural gas are the products of the deep burial and decomposition of dead plants and animals. Heat and pressure, in the absence of oxygen, transform the decomposed material into tiny pockets of gas and crude oil. The oil and gas then migrates through the pores in the rocks to eventually collect in reservoirs. Coal comes mainly from dead plants which have been buried and compacted beneath sediments. Most coal originated as peat in ancient swamps created many millions of years ago. Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with small amounts of other chemicals such as sulphur. The crude oil is useless as a mixture and must be sent to an
University Of California Museum Of Paleontology (UCMP) Has A WEB TIME MACHINE, W
fossil Fuel Production and Use. Humanity s major sources of energy are the fossil fuels oil, gas and coal. coal is the most abundant fossil fuel.
http://www-mugc.cc.monash.edu.au/~barbie/env3627/fossilfuel.htm

Extractions: Fossil Fuel Production and Use Humanity's major sources of energy are the fossil fuels: oil, gas and coal. Use of all of these fuels involves energy production through combustion. Carbon dioxide is one product of this reaction and is the major species involved in anthropogenic enhancement of the greenhouse effect. Production of these fuels to a "useable" state is an energy intensive process which further increases CO concentrations in the atmosphere. Fossil fuels are used in the generation of electricity, the production of heat for industrial, commerical and domestic purposes, transport, space heating and cooking. Coal is found in underground seams formed when ancient peat depsotis become progressively buried under layers of sediments. As the temperature and pressure increase, peat is compressed into lignite (brown coal), then bituminous (black) coal. The major constitutent of coal is carbon, but it also contains variable amounts of sulphur, chlorine and nitrogen compounds along with heavy metals such as lead. Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel. There is enough coal (equivalent to 10,000 billion tonnes of oil) to supply the world for the next three thousand years at the current rates of usage. The primary use of coal is the generation of electricity. Coal can be removed from the ground by deep mining or open cut/strip mining. Oil is thought to have originated from marine sediments derived from dead bodies of microscopic sea creatures accumulated on the floor of the sea. As the sediments were buried, the organic molecules present converted to short-chain hydrocarbon molecules. Traditionally oil wells were sunk in the land, however in recent years, off-shore regions have been mined. Crude oil (which comprises hundreds of different compounds) is refined by fractional distillation to give a wide range of petroleum products including fuel oil, lubricating oils, kerosene, gasoline and propane gas. Although known worldwide oil reserves are estimated to be around 135 billion tonnes, it has been forcast that oil will run out within the next fifty years at the current rate of use.
Canada's Fossil Fuel Dependency
fossil fuels finite and nonrenewable. fossil fuels comprise coal, oil and natural gas. All fossil fuels are literally fossils
http://www.elements.nb.ca/theme/fuels/irene/novaczek.htm
Economist.com | Fossil Fuels
out how much photosynthetic effort lies behind the useful energy that people are able to extract from coal, oil and natural gasfossil fuels that ultimately
http://www.economist.com/science/displayStory.cfm?story_id=2155375
Fossil Fuel -- Encyclopædia Britannica
fossil fuels include coal, natural gas, petroleum, shale oil, and bitumen. They all contain carbon and were formed as a result of
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=35640&tocid=0&query=fossil fuel&ct=
Search Results For Fossil Fuel - Encyclopædia Britannica
1), fossil fuel. 2), carbon cycle. 3), coal. , fossil fuels Information on the usage of nonrenewable energy sources like natural gas, coal, and petroleum.
http://www.britannica.com/search?query=fossil fuel&ref=news1103tsfuel
Fossil Fuels
fuels. fossil fuels are usually found below ground. coal is either mined or dug out while oil and natural gas are pumped out. coal
http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/n_renew/fossil.htm

Extractions: Explor e Play and learn Network Surf Go back Fossil fuels Fossil fuels are called so because they have been derived from fossils, which were formed millions of years ago during the time of the dinosaurs. They are fossilized organic remains that over millions of years have been converted to oil, gas, and coal. Because their formation takes so long, these sources are also called non-renewable. Fossil fuels are usually found below ground. Coal is either mined or dug out while oil and natural gas are pumped out. Coal is widely distributed and is easier to locate than oil and gas. Fossil fuels take millions of years to make, but burn and disappear in seconds. Once they are used, they cannot be reused. People have irretrievably damaged the planet by extracting and burning these fuels. It is best not to waste fossil fuels as they are not renewable. We have to learn to conserve these sources of energy. Every year, millions of tonnes of coal is consumed as energy. This has led to global warming (greenhouse effect) and the depletion of resources. At present, the worldwide burning of coal, oil, and natural gas releases billions of tonnes of carbon dioxide (measured as carbon) into the atmosphere every year. Burning any fossil fuel means pollution of some sort. Even if the fuel is low in sulphur, the atmosphere contains nitrogen, which combines with oxygen at the high burning temperatures found in boilers, jet, or car engines. This yields nitrogen oxides, which like sulphur dioxide, dissolves in rain to form nitric acid. Both gases are poisonous to humans.
Fossil Fuels
coal, oil and gas are called fossil fuels because they form over millions of years through the decay, burial and compaction of rotting vegetation on land (coal
http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Air_Quality/Older/Fossil_Fuels.html

Extractions: Fossil Fuels Conventional power stations burn coal, oil or gas to produce electricity. Road vehicles also burn fossil fuel in the form of petrol or diesel, products refined from oil. Coal, oil and gas are called fossil fuels because they form over millions of years through the decay, burial and compaction of rotting vegetation on land (coal), and marine organisms on the sea floor (oil and gas). Burning fossil fuels in this way releases a number of air pollutants , including sulphur dioxide nitrogen oxides carbon monoxide particulate matter and VOCs , such as hydrocarbons, which can all lead to poorer air quality Coal is a solid fuel formed over millions of years by the decay of land vegetation. Over time, successive layers become buried, compacted and heated, a process through which the deposits are turned into coal. Coal is widely used in the generation of electricity in power stations because it is a highly concentrated energy source. However, it is not a particularly "clean" fuel, releasing more sulphur dioxide than either oil or gas. Coal was the first fossil fuel to be exploited on a large scale during the 19 th century with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Before the commercial introduction of electricity, coal was primarily used in industrial boilers to create steam energy to power machinery.
Nuteeriat: The Origins Of Fossil Fuels
Of course, the main fossil fuels are coal, mineral oil, and natural gas, with a few less important sources such as lignite, bitumen, and tar sands.
http://www.aoi.com.au/matrix/Nut03.html

Extractions: CHAPTER 13 THE ORIGINS OF FOSSIL FUELS "Science when well digested is nothing but good sense and reason" - Stanislaus, King of Poland: Maxims, No.43. By now we have set the scene for a more detailed look at the origin of fossil fuels. Of course, the main fossil fuels are coal, mineral oil, and natural gas, with a few less important sources such as lignite, bitumen, and tar sands. The outstanding feature of all fossil fuels is that they contain a lot of carbon. Coal is especially rich, with up to 95%. The others are mainly hydrocarbons, compounds of carbon with hydrogen, sometimes with other elements present, but even in these the proportion of carbon is high, around 82-87% by weight. About Coal Coal was one of the earliest minerals to be be developed in today's technological society, in fact it was one of the main props for the Industrial Revolution, which started in Britain. Britain has considerable coal deposits and a long history of geological discovery, so the nature of coal deposits in that country have become known in great detail. Figure 13.1 (taken from the 1875 Encyclopaedia Britannica) shows the various geological strata found in conjunction with the Coal Measures of different parts of Britain. The actual coal seams vary in thickness from a mere film to as much as 15 metres. In other parts of the world even thicker seams have been found, as in the south of France and in India, up to 60m thick or more.
Replacing Fossil Fuels: The Scale Of The Problem
Currently, we have the bank of fossil fuels bequeathed to us from the history of the infrastructure, while the bank still holds funds (oil, gas, coal, etc
http://www.abelard.org/briefings/replacing_fossil_fuels.htm

Extractions: There are constant, ill-informed debates and reports that suggest that we can easily replace our fossil fuel usage by wind, or solar cell power, or some such method. Within current technology, this is a pipe-dream, it is impossible, it simply cannot be done. This does not mean that we are all dooooooooomed; but we are faced with a tremendous problem as reserves of fossil fuel, especially cheap pumpable oil, diminish. See World oil resources table for details. There is a similar table for coal resources . As you will see, even with known coal resources, the current situation is not nearly as critical as it is for oil. This is probably an under-estimate of coal reserves, as the pressure to find new reserves has, so far, been considerably less than the pressures posed by oil depletion. Fossil fuels are filthy.
Energy Economics - Extraction Efficiency And Costs, Depletion Of Fossil Fuels
As the reserves of oil fall, so the pressures on available replacement fossil fuels grow in tandem. Thus, coal, which is currently estimated at 200 years at
http://www.abelard.org/briefings/energy-economics.asp

Extractions: introduction economic efficiency extraction costs ... end notes This briefing document is designed to remedy much confused thinking that is abroad on the matter of energy arithmetic. Jevons, in The Coal Question , drew attention to the Watt steam engine. It was invented because the older Newcomen engine was so inefficient. But making steam power more efficient made the use of steam power spread more widely, and therefore coal consumption increased. Jevons Paradox is that conservation can encourage and increase consumption. Conservation does not necessarily, and of itself, reduce consumption. See here economic efficiency is not energy efficiency Consider a machine that is sold for $100, which lasts only a year, and then a solidly made version of the machine, that costs $300 and which lasts for 10 years.
Profiles--Fossil Fuels
coal. fossil fuels, like coal, oil, and natural gas, provide the energy that powers our lifestyles and our economy. fossil fuels
http://www3.iptv.org/exploremore/energy/profiles/fossil_fuels.cfm

Extractions: One of the biggest benefits of fossil fuels is their cost. Coal, oil and natural gas are abundant right now and relatively inexpensive to drill or mine for. In fact, coal is the most plentiful fossil fuel and it is found over much of the world. Because the costs are contained, electricity and fuels for transportation and heating are available to everyone. Limitations
Cleaner Fossil Fuels Systems
Its output would double between 1990 and 2050. Economically recoverable coal reserves outnumber other fossil fuels by several times.
http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/wec_info/work_programme2004/tech/cffs/global

Extractions: Terms of Reference Committee Membership Contact Details Agenda and Minutes Back to the Cleaner Fossil Fuels Systems Main Page Background WEC published in summer 2000 "Restructuring and privatization of the coal industries in central and eastern Europe and the CIS" elaborated jointly by Groups A (CIS) and B (Central Europe) under the auspices of the WEC East-West European Energy Programme. At a related expert meeting held in Katowice in January 2000, the delegations of Poland and Russia requested that a similar global study be undertaken by the WEC, in cooperation with other competent international organisations. It was noted that the last global coal study had been undertaken (outside the WEC frame) twenty years ago (Carroll L. Wilson, Coal - Bridge to the Future, Cambridge/Massachusetts, May 1980). Justification It is unusual for the WEC to address the future of a particular fuel, unless its growth (renewables) or decline impact significantly on world energy supplies. Coal is expected to have such an impact, either way. According to most of the scenarios A and B of the WEC/IIASA study on "Global Energy Perspectives" (Cambridge 1998), coal will remain the number 2 fuel worldwide till 2020 and 2050. Its output would double between 1990 and 2050. Economically recoverable coal reserves outnumber other fossil fuels by several times.
Smoot Internationally Recognized For Fossil Fuels Research
doctoral graduates, coauthored four books and written six chapters in books and 120 manuscripts, with a strong focus in solid fossil fuels, particularly coal.
http://www.et.byu.edu/news_smoot.htm
Opet Network - Areas Of Work - Clean Fossil Fuels
Providing information on the most efficient Clean fossil Technology for the different types of fossil Fuel coal, lignite, low grade coal, oil shale and
http://www.opet-network.net/opetnetworkinfo/areaofwork/cleanfossil.html

Extractions: Focuses on the stimulation of industry-led RTD within the fossil fuels sector. By promoting such innovative approaches, its aim is to ensure the deployment of clean fossil fuel technologies, e.g. aiming at the CO2 sequestration and clean coal technologies. The European Commission is committed to introducing into the European Market the use of Clean Fossil Technologies (CFT) that enable power production that is both efficient and low in emissions. In order further to achieve this aim, a consortium of 23 entities (18 partners and 5 subcontracts) from 17 countries has joined together to look at ways of securing the future market penetration of CFT, furthering compliance with the Kyoto Protocol restrictions, and providing relevant knowledge transfer to Newly Associate Countries and Third Countries.

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