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Former Ussr Geography General:     more books (81)

The Volga (Rivers of the world) by Jane Werner Watson, etc., 1999-08-25 Eastern Europe (Hotspots Updates) by John Bradley, 1992-09-21 The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance: The Thorny Path from Political to Economic Integration by Adam Zwass, 1989-08 The Moscow City Region (Problem Regions of Europe) by F.E.Ian Hamilton, 1976-04-22 The Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster (Environmental Disasters) by W. Scott Ingram, Scott Ingram, 2005-04-30 Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of the Cold War by John Swift, 2004-01-17 The Great Urals: Regionalism and the Evolution of the Soviet System by James R. Harris, 1999-08 Usa/USSR: The Superpowers (Questions of Today Series) by Charles Freeman, 1991-01 Country on the Move: Migration to and within Israel, 1948-1995 (GeoJournal Library) by Gabriel Lipshitz, 1998-01-31 Institutions of Isolation: Border Controls in the Soviet Union and Its Successor States, 1917-1993 (Studies in Russian Literature and Theory) by Andrea Chandler, 1998-06 Beyond the Soviet Union: The Fragmentation of Power (Research Institute for the Study of Conflict & Terrorism) Inter-Republican Cooperation of the Russian Republic by Anwara Begum, 1997-12 Soviet Union (Inside) by Ian James, 1989-08 The center Of The Universe: The Geopolitics Of Iran (Rand Corporation Research Study) by Graham Fuller, 1991-09-30

lists with details

61. AQUASTAT - FAO's Information System On Water And Agriculture
    general summary for the countries of the former Soviet Union. geography,climate and population. The total area of the FSU is about  
    http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/regions/fussr/index2.stm
    
    Extractions: Former USSR ... Thematic maps The total area of the FSU is about 22.3 million km , which is almost 17% of the total area of the world (Tables 1). The Russian Federation alone covers 17.1 million km , which is almost 13% of the total area of the world. Kazakhstan, with an area of 2.7 million km , covers 2% of the total area of the world, while the remaining 13 countries combined also cover 2% of the total area of the world. TABLE 1 Regional distribution of the population Area Population % of economic Region inhabitants rural active population km of inhabitants per population engaged in FSU km agriculture Russian Federation Central Asia Eastern Europe Caucasus Baltic States Former Soviet Union World FSU as % of World The total population of the FSU was about 293 million in 1996, which represents 5% of the world population (Tables 1). About 32% of the total population of the countries of the FSU is rural, compared with 54% for the whole world, varying from 24% in the Russian Federation to 54% in Central Asia. About 17% of the economically active population is engaged in agriculture, compared with 47% for the whole world, varying from 12% in the Russian Federation to 30% in Central Asia. This reflects the importance of agriculture in Central Asia, while industry is largely predominant in the northern regions of the FSU. The population density is 13 inhabitants/km

62. CIA - The World Factbook -- Germany
    geography note Definition Field Listing strategic location on and included theformer ussr zone; unification ISCHINGER consulate(s) general Atlanta, Boston  
    http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/gm.html
    
    Extractions: Select a Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Arctic Ocean Argentina Armenia Aruba Ashmore and Cartier Islands Atlantic Ocean Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas, The Bahrain Baker Island Bangladesh Barbados Bassas da India Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Clipperton Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Cook Islands Coral Sea Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Europa Island Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Gabon Gambia, The

63. Carleton University - Department Of Geography & Environmental Studies - General
    general Information. the African continent, central Europe, South East Asia, and theformer ussr. Combine geography studies with handson experience At Carleton  
    http://www.carleton.ca/geography/geography/geo_info.html
    
    Extractions: The many different careers that Carleton Geography graduates are pursuing lead us to recognize our responsibility to provide an educational experience which provides both breadth and depth. The many and varied opportunities - some quite unexpected to us - that our graduates have found to use their talents also demonstrate that it is not possible to identify any single career path that would constitute the normal experience for geography graduates. Our Bachelors, Masters and Doctoral programs are designed in response to this reality. The Bachelors programs provide sound FOUNDATIONS in various aspects of geography. The B.Sc. (Physical Geography) provides this foundation in the area of the earth surface environments, with study of climate, climatic change, earth materials, geomorphological processes, biogeography and biophysical resources. The Geographic Information Processing B.A. and B.Sc. provide sound foundations in the development and applications of remote sensing and geomatics. The B.A. programs provide the opportunities to pursue interrelated human geography topics and to choose integrated programs of study that address physical geography and the human-natural environment interface.

64. Turkey Geography 2000 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate
    to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former ussr territorial sea geography note strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of  
    http://www.photius.com/wfb2000/countries/turkey/turkey_geography.html

65. Geography And Map Of Armenia
    geography note landlocked. Since the implosion of the ussr in December 1991, Armeniahas of the centrally directed economic system of the former Soviet Union  
    http://geography.about.com/library/cia/blcarmenia.htm
    
    Extractions: zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help Geography Home ... Free Geography Email Newsletter zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Careers in Geography Country Information Cultural Geography Find Maps ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Subscribe to the About Geography newsletter. Search Geography More Armenia Information CIA Factbook World Atlas Home ... Geography Home Page Armenia Introduction [Top of Page] Background: An Orthodox Christian country, Armenia was incorporated into Russia in 1828 and the USSR in 1920. Armenian leaders remain preoccupied by the long conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh, a primarily Armenian-populated exclave, assigned to Soviet Azerbaijan in the 1920s by Moscow. Armenia and Azerbaijan began fighting over the exclave in 1988; the struggle escalated after both countries attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By May 1994, when a cease-fire took hold, Armenian forces held not only Nagorno-Karabakh but also a significant portion of Azerbaijan proper. The economies of both sides have been hurt by their inability to make substantial progress toward a peaceful resolution. Geography [Top of Page] Location: Southwestern Asia, east of Turkey

66. Germany History And Geography
    geography note strategic location on North European Plain 1949 and included theformer ussr zone; unification 298-4249 consulate(s) general Atlanta, Boston  
    http://www.worldhistory.com/geos/gm.htm
    
    Extractions: [Other Countries] [WorldHistory.com Home] Facts About Germany Germany Introduction [Top of Page] Background: Geography [Top of Page] Location: Central Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, between the Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark Geographic coordinates: 51 00 N, 9 00 E Map references: Europe Area:

67. USSR Definition Of USSR. What Is USSR? Meaning Of USSR. What Does USSR Mean? USS
    states that formerly made up the former Union of Some words with ussr in the definition legaldictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, encyclopedia, and  
    http://www.thefreedictionary.com/USSR
    
    Extractions: Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition Noun USSR - a former communist country in eastern Europe and northern Asia; established in 1922; included Russia and 14 other soviet socialist republics (Ukraine and Byelorussia an others); officially dissolved 31 December 1991 Russia Soviet Union Union of Soviet Socialist Republics February Revolution ... Russian Revolution - the revolution against the Czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917 October Revolution Russian Revolution - the coup d'etat by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922 Russian - the Slavic language that is the official language of Russia pirogi piroshki pirozhki - small fruit or meat turnover baked or fried kvass - fermented beverage resembling beer but made from rye or barley kolkhoz - a collective farm owned by the communist state country land state - the territory occupied by a nation; "he returned to the land of his birth"; "he visited several European countries"

68. Russia Definition Of Russia. What Is Russia? Meaning Of Russia. What Does Russia
    declared independence from the ussr in 1991 but of the Gulf of Finland; former capitalof legal dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, encyclopedia, and  
    http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Russia
    
    Extractions: Noun Russia - a former communist country in eastern Europe and northern Asia; established in 1922; included Russia and 14 other soviet socialist republics (Ukraine and Byelorussia an others); officially dissolved 31 December 1991 Soviet Union Union of Soviet Socialist Republics USSR February Revolution ... Russian Revolution - the revolution against the Czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917 October Revolution Russian Revolution - the coup d'etat by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922 Russian - the Slavic language that is the official language of Russia pirogi piroshki pirozhki - small fruit or meat turnover baked or fried kvass - fermented beverage resembling beer but made from rye or barley kolkhoz - a collective farm owned by the communist state country land state - the territory occupied by a nation; "he returned to the land of his birth"; "he visited several European countries"

69. Germany Government 1991 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Reso
    geographic.org Home proclaimed 7 October 1949 and included the former ussr zone;unification notespecial rules for this election allowed former East German  
    http://www.theodora.com/wfb1991/germany/germany_government.html
    
    Extractions: SOURCE: 1991 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK Long-form name: Federal Republic of Germany Type: federal republic Capital: Berlin; notethe shift from Bonn to Berlin will take place over a period of years with Bonn retaining many administrative functions Administrative divisions: 16 states (lander, singularland); Baden-Wurttemberg, Bayern, Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein, Thuringen Independence: 18 January 1871 (German Empire unification); divided into four zones of occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, France) in 1945 following World War II; Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) proclaimed 23 May 1949 and included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR zone; unification of West Germany and East Germany took place 3 October 1990; all four power rights formally relinquished 15 March 1991 Constitution: 23 May 1949, provisional constitution known as Basic Law

70. Germany 2003 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Curr
    1949 and included the former ussr zone; unification of 2386290 consulate(s) generalDuesseldorf, Frankfurt the accuracy of Guinea geography 2003 information  
    http://www.theodora.com/wfb2003/germany/germany_government.html
    
    Extractions: Independence: 18 January 1871 (German Empire unification); divided into four zones of occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, France) in 1945 following World War II; Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) proclaimed 23 May 1949 and included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR zone; unification of West Germany and East Germany took place 3 October 1990; all four powers formally relinquished rights 15 March 1991

71. Soviet Union
    ussr can be found on Organization of the Communist Party of the ussr The leader ofthe Communist Party was the general secretary, who was the Soviet geography.  
    http://www.fact-index.com/s/so/soviet_union.html
    
    Extractions: Main Page See live article Alphabetical index The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics USSR or Soviet Union Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik SSSR written in the Cyrillic alphabet as ) was a union of socialist republics, which were run via the only recognized political party, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . It existed from until . It stretched from the Baltic and Black Seas to the Pacific Ocean . In its final years it consisted of 15 Soviet Socialist Republics (SSRs). Russia was by far the largest Republic in the Soviet Union in terms of both land area and population, and also dominated it politically and economically.

72. High Adventure Around The World: Comments And Messages Received From Visitors
    we were having a roundtrip through the former ussr and had waiting to be worked up(USA, ussr, Tunisia, Bulgaria i have used the photos for my geography classes  
    http://www.caingram.info/Visitors_2.htm
    
    Extractions: Entries are classified under the following headings:- General Scotland Europe Nepal ... USA or e-mail: alan@caingram.co.uk General " Simply fantastic !!!! " " would just like to thank the creators of this fine website as i am doing a project and this site was extremely useful. Thanks again " Omar Dean " There's also a guy called Alan Ingram who uses his site to attract trekkers - but that hasn't stopped him dumping megabytes' worth of gorgeous pictures on it "

73. 384 Syllabus
    The changes that have recently been experienced by the former ussr are impressiveeven the very object of general geographic studies the Soviet Union  
    http://www.edcenter.sdsu.edu/staff/ilya/wmu/384/384syll97.html
    
    Extractions: Office hours: M 11:00-12:30 at 3396 Rood, or by appointment The changes that have recently been experienced by the former USSR are impressive: even the very object of general geographic studies - the Soviet Union - ceased to exist on 1/1/1992, and its disintegration gave birth to at least 15 new independent states. Geography 384 aims to teach students to understand these recent economic and political transitions from a geographic perspective. ÒThe Post-Soviet StatesÓ is an introductory course on topics related to the main geographic features of the former Soviet Union in transition. The key issues are: physical geography, dynamics of population change, ethnic groups and relations, migrations, urbanization and rural landscapes, natural resources, industrial patterns, and political organization. A particular emphasis is on the changing concept of Russia and the former Soviet block in the world development, recent reforms and trends in economic and political spheres, ethnic conflicts, relations between republics, and urban problems. In such a dynamic situation any information becomes out-of-date very quickly. The practical part of this course will, therefore, provide students with techniques for accessing information systems and computer databases and retrieving current data about the republics of the former USSR.

74. Belarus: General Information
    Information on former ussr Republic of Belarus (ja); Länder from PlacesNamed.comGeographic Encyclopedia (en); Belarus Belarus general data of the country (en  
    http://www.geocities.com/albaruthenia/IA/general.html
    
    Extractions: INTERESTING WWW SITES IN AND ABOUT BELARUS About our Fatherland (be, en, ru) About the Republic of Belarus , from MFA of Belarus (en, ru) Area Studies: Belarus , Information on government, politics, parties and elections (en) Atlapedia Online - Belarus (en) BBC News: Country profile Belarus (en) Belarus , from Virgin.net (en) Belarus , from FiFo Ost (de, en) Belarus , from Russian News Network (en) Belarus , from Stella's Yoruba Food Page (en) Belarus , from Bucknell Russian Studies Department (en) Belarus , from Information Please (en) Belarus , from The Learning Network (en) Belarus , from law.com (en) Belarus , from Lycos Destinations (en) Belarus , from worldinformation.com (en) Belarus @ Countries of the World , from Students of the World (en) Belarus: Country Profile , from Department of Foreign Trade, Ministry of Commerce of Thailand (th) Belarus Data Profile , from World Development Indicators Database (en) Belarus - A Cultural Profile Project (en, fr) Belarus - Where exactly is it? (en) Belarus Basic Facts , from Nation by Nation Almanac (en) Belarus Facts and Information, Statistics, Facts

75. General Info
    is the largest city in Central Asia and the fourth largest in the former ussr. TheGeneral Assembly of the United Nations admits Uzbekistan into membership.  
    http://www.umid.uz/Main/Uzbekistan/General_Info/general_info.html
    
    Extractions: Uzbekistan, republic in Central Asia, bordered on the west and north by Kazakhstan, on the east by Kyrgyzstan, on the southeast by Tajikistan, and on the south by Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. It was formerly the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Uzbekistan includes the Karakalpak Autonomous Republic, which occupies about 37 percent of Uzbekistan's territory. Uzbekistan's land area totals about 447,400 sq. km (about 172,750 sq. mi). Tashkent is the capital and chief industrial and cultural center. Uzbekistan's terrain is composed primarily of plains such as the Turan Lowland; plains occupy about four-fifths of the republic's territory. Branches of the Tien Shan and Pamir mountains rise in the east and northeast, with the highest elevation in the republic reaching 4643 m (about 15,234 ft). Earthquakes, such as the one that destroyed large portions of Tashkent in 1966, are not uncommon. The climate is desert continental; temperatures fluctuate greatly over the course of a year. Average daily temperature in January ranges from -6° to 2° C (21.2° to 35.6° F), and in July from 26° to 32° C (78.8° to 89.6° F). Precipitation is scant, and irrigation is necessary for crop cultivation, except along mountain slopes. With about 20,739,000 inhabitants in 1991, Uzbekistan has the largest population of the former Soviet republics in Central Asia, and the third largest population of any former Soviet republic. Uzbeks, a Turkic-speaking people with an Islamic heritage, constitute 71 percent of the population. Russians are the largest minority with 8.3 percent. As in most other former Soviet republics in Central Asia, the size of the Russian minority has decreased in recent years, as thousands have emigrated to Russia and elsewhere.

76. Russia [ex-Soviet Union/USSR]
    Search only this geographic category, including subcategories Central Asia RussiaexSoviet Union/ussr. QUOTE former FBI agent pleaded guilty today to  
    http://www.fairness.com/resources/by-geography?geography_id=702

77. Religious - Jewish - General Jewish Information
    Welcome to RECHTMAN.com. general Geographic Links. Return to Jewish ReligiousPages. Return to Slavic, East European, and former ussr Resources Page.  
    http://learning.lib.vt.edu/slav/relig_jew_general.html
    
    Extractions: SITES WITH COLLECTIVE OR GENERALIZED INFORMATION OF JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS AND GROUPS General Information Judaism . From Overview Of World Religions Judaism on the WWW An Introduction to the basics of Jewish Faith and Law . By Eliahu Avichail. From haGalil onLine Studies in Judaism - Studies in Jewish Prayer - Tzvee Zahavy The Digital Genizah . By Temple Sinai , Middletown, New York. Rabbi Nachman von Breslov - "Judentum mit Herz!" . By Rabbi Nachman von Breslov. Judaism with a heart - In English. L'Chaim - Die Zeitschrift fuer jeden Juden English section. Jewishnet Global Jewish Infomration Network The Jewish Theological Seminary Jewish Music Institute Dallas Virtual Jewish Community ... Machers® - Your Gateway to the Jewish Community . Jewish and Israeli Resources Worldwide. Over 6,000 links. Yahoodi.com.

78. Geography
    geography Links. Washington, DC) The Greek Embassy in Washington, DD, provides generalinformation about the Russia How Has Change Affected the former ussr?  
    http://www.lynchclay.k12.oh.us/LCHS/geography.htm

79. In A Puff Of Smoke - Tobacco Trails - Smoking And Geography - Teacher's Guide
    In this activity students learn some world geography. well as data for Africa, India,the former ussr, and South For the former Soviet Union, data were withheld  
    http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/pharm/tg/chemo/activity/geo.htm
    
    Extractions: Smoking and Geography You will need to make copies of these maps. Make sufficient copies of the maps for each student, or have the students work in teams if only limited copies of the maps are available. Also, provide a large wall map of the world. In this activity students learn some world geography. Note that the per capita consumption data is for 1992. More recent data, as well as data for Africa, India, the former USSR, and South America, are not readily available. Annual Cigarette Consumption (per person) Country Consumption Population Poland Greece Hungary Japan South Korea Switzerland Iceland Netherlands Australia Spain United States Canada New Zealand Ireland Germany Belgium Israel Cuba China Answers to Questions For which regions of the world are there no data? Why? Which countries or regions of the world represent good markets for cigarettes? Answer: In answering which country, emphasize the fact that the table of data gives cigarette consumption per capita. To use that data for total consumption, population data are needed. The table on the Teacher's Guide gives the population for each country.

80. Uzbekistan, Geography Location Central Asia, Bordering The Aral
    *Uzbekistan, geography Location Central capital expenditures of $NA Exports $900million to outside the successor states of the former ussr (1992) commodities  
    http://www.funet.fi/pub/doc/world/Factbook93/Countries/uzbekistan
    
    Extractions: *Uzbekistan, Geography Location: Central Asia, bordering the Aral Sea, between Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan Map references: Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 447,400 km2 land area: 425,400 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than California Land boundaries: total 6,221 km, Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakhstan 2,203 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,099 km, Tajikistan 1,161 km, Turkmenistan 1,621 km Coastline: km note: Uzbekistan does border the Aral Sea (420 km) Maritime claims: none; landlocked International disputes: none Climate: mostly mid latitude desert; semiarid grassland in east Terrain: mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; Fergana Valley in east surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in west Natural resources: natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum Land use: arable land: 10% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 47% forest and woodland: 0% other: 43% Irrigated land: 41,550 km2 (1990) Environment: drying up of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts Note: landlocked *Uzbekistan, People Population: 22,127,946 (July 1993 est.) Population growth rate: 2.17% (1993 est.) Birth rate: 30.57 births/1,000 population (1993 est.) Death rate: 6.63 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.) Net migration rate: -2.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.) Infant mortality rate: 54.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 68.36 years male: 65.05 years female: 71.84 years (1993 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.78 children born/woman (1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Uzbek(s) adjective: Uzbek Ethnic divisions: Uzbek 71.4%, Russian 8.3%, Tajik 4.7%, Kazakhs 4.1%, Tartars 2.4% (includes 70% of Crimean Tatars deported during World War II), Karakalpaks 2.1%, other 7% Religions: Muslim 88% (mostly Sunnis), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3% Languages: Uzbek 85%, Russian 5%, other 10% Literacy: age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100% Labor force: 7.941 million by occupation: agriculture and forestry 39%, industry and construction 24%, other 37% (1990) *Uzbekistan, Government Names: conventional long form: Republic of Uzbekistan conventional short form: Uzbekistan local long form: Uzbekiston Respublikasi local short form: none former: Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic Digraph: UZ Type: republic Capital: Tashkent (Toshkent) Administrative divisions: 12 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and 1 autonomous republic*, (avtomnaya respublika); Andizhan, Bukhara, Dzhizak, Fergana, Karakalpakstan*, (Nukus), Kashkadar'ya (Karshi), Khorezm (Urgench), Namangan, Navoi, Samarkand, Surkhandar'ya (Termez), Syrdar'ya (Gulistan), Tashkent note: an administrative division has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses) Independence: 31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) Constitution: new constitution adopted 8 December 1992 Legal system: evolution of Soviet civil law National holiday: Independence Day, 1 September (1991) Political parties and leaders: People's Democratic Party (PDP; formerly Communist Party), Islam A. KARIMOV, chairman; Erk (Freedom) Democratic Party (EDP), Muhammad SOLIKH, chairman Other political or pressure groups: Birlik (Unity) People's Movement (BPM), Abdul Rakhman PULATOV, chairman; Islamic Rebirth Party (IRP), Abdullah UTAYEV, chairman Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: President: last held 29 December 1991 (next to be held NA December 1996); results - Islam KARIMOV 86%, Mukhammad SOLIKH 12%, other 2% Supreme Soviet: last held 18 February 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (500 total) Communist 450, ERK 10, other 40; note - total number of seats will be reduced to 150 in next election Executive branch: president, prime minister, cabinet Legislative branch: unicameral Supreme Soviet Judicial branch: Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State: President Islam KARIMOV (since NA March 1990) *Uzbekistan, Government Head of Government: Prime Minister Abdulkhashim MUTALOV (since 13 January 1992), First Deputy Prime Minister Ismail Hakimovitch DJURABEKOV (since NA); Supreme Soviet Chairman Shavkat Muhitdinovitch YULDASHEV (since NA June 1991) Member of: CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IDA, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, WHO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Muhammed Babir MALIKOV chancery: 200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006 telephone: (202) 778-0107 FAX: (202) 861-0472 US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Henry L. CLARKE embassy: 55 Chelanzanskaya, Tashkent mailing address: APO AE 09862 telephone: [7] (3712) 77-14-07 Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by red fimbriations with a crescent moon and 12 stars in the upper hoist-side quadrant *Uzbekistan, Economy Overview: Although Uzbekistan accounted for only 3.4% of total Soviet output, it produced two-thirds of the USSR's cotton and ranks as the fourth largest global producer. Moscow's push for ever-increasing amounts of cotton had included massive irrigation projects which caused extensive environmental damage to the Aral Sea and rivers of the republic. Furthermore, the lavish use of chemical fertilizers has caused extensive pollution and widespread health problems. Recently the republic has sought to encourage food production at the expense of cotton. The small industrial sector specializes in such items as agricultural machinery, mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil, and bridge cranes. Uzbekistan also has some important natural resources including gold (about 30% of former Soviet production), uranium, and natural gas. The Uzbek Government has encouraged some land reform but has shied away from other aspects of economic reform. Output and living standards continued to fall in 1992 largely because of the cumulative impact of disruptions in supply that have followed the dismemberment of the USSR. National product: GDP $NA National product real growth rate: -10% (1992) National product per capita: $NA Inflation rate (consumer prices): at least 17% per month (first quarter 1993) Unemployment rate: 0.1% includes only officially registered unemployed; there are also large numbers of underemployed workers Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA Exports: $900 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) commodities: cotton, gold, textiles, chemical and mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil partners: Russia, Ukraine, Eastern Europe Imports: $900 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992) commodities: machinery and parts, consumer durables, grain, other foods partners: principally other former Soviet republics External debt: $2 billion (end 1991 est.) Industrial production: growth rate -6% Electricity: 11,950,000 kW capacity; 50,900 million kWh produced, 2,300 kWh per capita (1992) Industries: chemical and mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil, textiles Agriculture: cotton, with much smaller production of grain, fruits, vegetables, and livestock Illicit drugs: illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited government eradication programs; used as transshipment points for illicit drugs to Western Europe Economic aid: $950 million official aid commitments by foreign donors (1992) *Uzbekistan, Economy Currency: retaining Russian ruble as currency (January 1993) Exchange rates: rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations Fiscal year: calendar year *Uzbekistan, Communications Railroads: 3,460 km; does not include industrial lines (1990) Highways: 78,400 km total; 67,000 km hard-surfaced, 11,400 km earth (1990) Pipelines: crude oil 250 km, petroleum products 40 km, natural gas 810 km (1992) Ports: none; landlocked Airports: totol: 265 useable: 74 with permanent-surface runways: 30 with runways over 3,659 m: 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 19 Telecommunications: poorly developed; NMT-450 analog cellular network established in Tashkent; 1.4 million telephone lines with 7.2 lines per 100 persons (1992); linked by landline or microwave with CIS member states and by leased connection via the Moscow international gateway switch to other countries; satellite earth stations - Orbita and INTELSAT (TV receive only); new intelsat earth station provides TV receive only capability for Turkish broadcasts; new satellite ground station also installed in Tashkent for direct linkage to Tokyo. *Uzbekistan, Defense Forces Branches: Army, National Guard, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops) Manpower availability: males age 15-49 5,214,075; fit for military service 4,272,398; reach military age (18) annually 218,916 (1993 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP

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