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Earthquake Measurement:     more books (100)

Crustal deformation measurements in the Shumagin seismic gap, Alaska : final technical report by R Bilham, 1986 Did you feel it? : community-made earthquake shaking maps (SuDoc I 19.127:030-01) by U.S. Geological Survey, 2001 GPS measurements, fault stress modeling and integrated earthquake hazard assessment of the Wasatch Front, Utah by Robert Baer Smith, 2002 The measurement of ground motion of destructive earthquakes by Donald E Hudson, 1961 Parameters for specifying intensity-related earthquake ground motions (State of the art for assessing earthquake hazards in the United States) by E. L Krinitzsky, 1987 Site response to earthquake, with reference to the application of microtremor measurements (Auckland. Univ. School of Engineering. Report) by I. M Parton, 1972 Uniformly processed strong earthquake ground accelerations in the western United States of America for the period from 1933 to 1971: Corrected acceleration, velocity and displacement curves by Mihailo D Trifunac, 1978 Cooperative earthquake prediction research with SSB, PRC ;: Final technical report by Francis T Wu, 1984 Uniformly processed strong earthquake ground accelerations in the western United States of America for the period from 1933 to 1971: Pseudo relative velocity spectra and processing noise by Mihailo D Trifunac, 1977 Source characteristics of recent earthquakes in the northeastern U.S: Implications for earthquake hazards [and] Source and path effects for northeastern ... for earthquake hazards : final report by M. N Toksöz, 1986 Seismological research related to earthquake prediction and hazard reduction: Final technical report by H Kanamori, 1979 The extension and operation of a computer-controlled radon monitoring network for earthquake prediction, investigations of environmental effects on subsurface ... comparison of radon monitoring techniques by Mark H Shapiro, 1982 The extension and operation of a computer-controlled radon monitoring network for earthquake prediction, investigation of environmental effects on subsurface ... techniques: Annual technical report by Mark H Shapiro, 1983 Seismic velocities and geologic logs at seven strong-motion stations that recorded the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake, Part IV (SuDoc I 19.76:94-552) by James F. Gibbs, 1994

lists with details

41. Stick Slip Movement Along Seismic Faults
    on the fault, the crushing of rock, and the propagation of earthquake waves. Takecare to keep the dowel in the same position during rolling and measurement.  
    http://tremor.nmt.edu/stick-slip.htm
    
    Extractions: A lesson form FEMA/AGU earthquake curriculum for teachers of grades 7-12. Unit 2.1 Stick-Slip Movement This section is intended to help students observe how stick-slip movement works. Instructions on how to build a motorized version of the following experiment as well as data produced from this model are available. Motorized version "Can Earthquakes Be Predicted?" Some background information Activities page What Happens When the Earth Quakes? Unit 2 begins with a hands-on activity that models what happens when the stresses accumulated at a fault are released in an earthquake. Using a box, a board, sandpaper, and other simple materials, students apply scientific method and basic math skills to measure movement, calculate averages, and plot their information on a graph. The third lesson begins with an exercise in which students contrast the small scope of historic time with the vastness of geologic time. In the second activity, Paleoseismology, they simulate the techniques seismologists use to read the record of relatively recent earthquakes. The amount of damage an earthquake causes depends on the strength and duration of the earthquake, on population density, on methods of construction (to be dealt with in Unit 4), and on the geophysical/geological characteristics of the impacted area. Lesson 4 progresses to three of the most potentially destructive earthquake effects: liquefaction, landslides, and tsunami. Each occurs when a seismic shock impacts an area with certain physical characteristics. Lesson 5 underlines the importance of site, as students interpret maps highlighting different features of the landscape. They will draw on their new knowledge to make additions to the local map they began in Unit 1.

42. EQ: Causes And Measurements
    the scale most commonly reported when referring to the size of an earthquake, ithas been found that for larger earthquakes a more accurate measurement of size  
    http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/eqcauses.htm
    
    Extractions: EENS 204 Natural Disasters Tulane University Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Earthquakes: Causes and Measurements Most earthquakes occur along zones where the Earth's crust is undergoing deformation. Deformation results from plate tectonic forces and gravitational forces. The type of deformation that takes place during an earthquake generally occurs along zones where rocks fracture to produce faults. Before we can understand earthquakes, we first must explore deformation of rocks and faulting. Within the Earth rocks are constantly subjected to forces that tend to bend, twist, or fracture them. When rocks bend, twist or fracture they are said to deform or strain (change shape or size). The forces that cause deformation are referred to as stresses. To understand rock deformation we must first explore stress and strain. Stress and Strain Stress is a force applied over an area. One type of stress that we are all used to is a uniform stress, called pressure. A uniform stress is where the forces act equally from all directions. In the Earth the pressure due to the weight of overlying rocks is a uniform stress and is referred to as confining stress . If stress is not equal from all directions then the stress is a differential stress. Three kinds of differential stress occur. Tensional stress (or extensional stress) , which stretches rock;

43. EarthquakeWQ
    1. Is there a measurement scale for earthquake strength and what isit called? 2. How is the strength of an earthquake measured?  
    http://www.angelfire.com/pa5/broadstreetlibrary/earthquakeWQ.htm
    
    Extractions: Introduction: Each year, earthquakes cause millions of dollars in damages in the United States and around the world, and injure or kill thousands of people. Knowing what causes earthquakes, where they occur, and how to protect yourself can make a difference in your safety if you happen to live where earthquakes occur. Task: You and your family live in another country but are planning to move to the United States. The country where you live does not have earthquakes, but you have seen news reports that show earthquakes in the United States and the damage they cause. You each decide you want to investigate where and how earthquakes happen before picking the state you would like to live in. Process: Here are the questions you want to answer. 1. Where do earthquakes happen?

44. About Earthquakes
    ground. How are earthquakes Measured? Geologists conditions. The secondmethod of measurement is the magnitude of the earthquake. Magnitude  
    http://www.seaint.org/seaoscnew/Public/about_earthquakes.htm
    
    Extractions: What is an Earthquake? An earthquake is the release of stress from the Earth's tectonic plates. The zone where two tectonic plates come together is called a fault. Prior to an earthquake, tectonic forces result in a gradual buildup of strain energy stored on either side of the fault. When the local stresses along the fault become too large, the fault slips suddenly or ruptures and releases the stored strain energy. This rupture on the fault plane is called the focus and the projection of this point on the ground surface is called the epicenter. When a rupture occurs along a fault, the strain energy stored on either side of the fault is released in the form of seismic waves and heat. These seismic waves propagate away from the ruptured fault zone and through the geologic layers of rock and soil. The process of seismic wave propagation causes the ground to shake. What Types of Earthquakes are there? The most common form earthquake is a shallow event where two tectonic plates slide past one another. Deeper earthquakes usually occur when one plate dives under another plate. Other earthquakes can also occur as a result of volcanic activity, collapses of the ground, and man-made explosions. What Types of Seismic Waves are Generated?

45. SEISMIC TERMS GLOSSARY
    Moment (of earthquake) measurement of an earthquake s size than is obtained bymultiplying the rigidity of the rock by the area of the fault and the amount  
    http://rmsismo.uprm.edu/English/SeismicInformation/SeismicNotes/SN5pag1.html

46. MSN Encarta - Earthquake
    This is because ground displacement of earthquake waves can range from less thana So, a magnitude 5 Richter measurement is ten times greater than a magnitude 4  
    http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571674_3/Earthquake.html
    
    Extractions: MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Send us feedback Related Items Fault, crack in Earth’s crust where earthquakes can happen Richter Scale, system for ranking earthquake size more... Magazines Search the Encarta Magazine Center for magazine and news articles about this topic Further Reading Editors' Picks Earthquake News Search MSNBC for news about Earthquake Internet Search Search Encarta about Earthquake Search MSN for Web sites about Earthquake Also on Encarta Editor's picks: Good books about Iraq Compare top online degrees What's so funny? The history of humor Also on MSN Summer shopping: From grills to home decor D-Day remembered on Discovery Switch to MSN in 3 easy steps Our Partners Capella University: Online degrees LearnitToday: Computer courses CollegeBound Network: ReadySetGo Kaplan Test Prep and Admissions Encyclopedia Article from Encarta Advertisement Page 3 of 3 Earthquake Multimedia 16 items Article Outline Introduction Anatomy of an Earthquake Causes Distribution ... Extraterrestrial Quakes B Emergency Preparedness Plans Earthquake education and preparedness plans can help significantly reduce death and injury caused by earthquakes. People can take several preventative measures within their homes and at the office to reduce risk. Supports and bracing for shelves reduce the likelihood of items falling and potentially causing harm. Maintaining an earthquake survival kit in the home and at the office is also an important part of being prepared.

47. Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory Home Page
    vibrations, dynamics, machinery vibration, fluidstructure interaction, non-linearsystem identification, measurement and modeling of earthquake ground motion  
    http://www.eerl.caltech.edu/
    
    Extractions: Earthquake engineering activities at Caltech are conducted within the organizational structure of the Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory (EERL). The laboratory was formed in the 1960's and has a long and distinguished history of being at the forefront of earthquake engineering research. Funding for EERL research activities comes from a variety of sources including federal and state government agencies and private companies. The faculties of the Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory and the Seismological Laboratory of Caltech jointly conduct a program called the Earthquake Research Affiliates (ERA). This program provides regular research conferences and earthquake related field trips for member organizations. In addition to the joint efforts under the ERA program, the faculties of the two laboratories collaborate on numerous research projects. For information on EERL or NISEE, please contact:

48. Scales Of Measurement
    ground. Measured on a scale of I to XII, these measurements differdepending on the distance from the focus of the earthquake. The  
    http://www.fcs-net.com/biddled/scalesof.htm
    
    Extractions: To measure the intensity of an earthquake, scientists have devised two scales, the Richter scale, which is named after the American seismologist Charles Francis Richter, and the Mercalli scale, which was introduced at the turn of the twentieth century by the Italian seismologist Giuseppe Mercalli. The Richter scale measures the amount of energy released at the focus, or starting point, of the earthquake. This scale has values from one to nine, with one being the least damaging. Each number indicates that the earthquake was ten times more powerful than the number before it. That would make an earthquake with a value of nine, one billion times more powerful than a magnitude one earthquake and one hundred thousand times more powerful than an atomic bomb. In the course of one year it is estimated that eight hundred earthquakes of a magnitude five to six will occur, in comparison, 50,000 earthquakes of a magnitude of three to four, and approximately only one with a magnitude of eight or nine will occur. The Mercalli scale measures the intensity of the shaking of the ground. Measured on a scale of I to XII, these measurements differ depending on the distance from the focus of the earthquake. The levels of this scale range from imperceptible shaking to mass destruction. Instead of having a mathematical basis, this scale is based on observed effects.

49. New Technology To Help Measurement And Study Of Earthquakes
    The continuous, earthquakerelated measurements from the GPS network will allow scientiststo make a high-precision survey of the southern California terrain.  
    http://www.geo.nsf.gov/geo/adgeo/press/pr9667.htm
    
    Extractions: Scientists have begun installing a network of 250 Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers that will continuously measure the constant, yet physically imperceptible, movements of earthquake faults throughout southern California. This information should help researchers forecast future earthquake hazards in the greater Los Angeles area. "GPS is the most important new technology to emerge for the study of earthquakes in decades," says Tom Henyey, director of the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) in Los Angeles, a National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center. "This information will allow us to improve our estimates of the regional earthquake hazard in southern California and to prioritize earthquake mitigation activities, including emergency preparedness and retrofit strategies. Continuous GPS measurements will also allow for more rapid regional damage assessment after large earthquakes." GPS is a constellation of 24 Earth-orbiting satellites, arranged so that several are "visible" from any point on the surface of the Earth at any time. A user on the ground with a GPS receiver can determine his or her precise location by measuring signals from the GPS satellites.

50. Maryland Geological Survey: Earthquakes In Maryland
    MEASURING earthquake. measurement of the severity of an earthquake can be expressedin several ways, the two most common being intensity and magnitude.  
    http://www.mgs.md.gov/esic/brochures/earthquake.html
    
    Extractions: Maryland's earthquake monitoring network is online. Visit the Seismic Network Pages for more information, and see live seismic displays. You can download a PDF version of this brochure, suitable for printing. Click here to get mdquakes.pdf By James P. Reger Earthquakes can be among the most devastating and terrifying of natural hazards. Although floods, tornadoes and hurricanes account for much greater annual loss in the United States, severe earthquakes pose the largest risk in terms of sudden loss of life and property. There are many interrelated factors that determine the extent of loss of property and life from an earthquake. Each of the following should be prefaced with "other factors being equal. . . ." Amount of seismic energy released: The greater the vibrational energy, the greater the chance for destruction. Duration of shaking: This is one of the most important parameters of ground motion for causing damage. Depth of focus, or hypocenter: The shallower the focus (the point of an earthquake's origin within the earth), usually the greater the potential for destructive shock waves reaching the earth's surface. Even stronger events of much greater depth typically produce only moderate shaking at ground level.

51. Wanganui District Council - Civil Defence: Earthquakes
    Richter Scale (measurement 1 9) This refers to the magnitude of an earthquakeand is a measurement of the energy liberated at its source.  
    http://www.wanganui.govt.nz/civilDef/earthquake.html
    
    Extractions: Earthquakes Hundreds of earthquakes occur in New Zealand each year. Many of them are so deep that only a few cause damage and injury. However, a severe earthquake could occur at any time. Wanganui Earthquake History Liquefaction may occur in susceptible areas and increase the risk of subsidence. Liquefaction is where the earth loses the ability to support weight when groundwater rises with an earthquake. A map showing liquefaction areas in Wanganui is available from Civil Defence. What you can do to help yourself Before an earthquake occurs: During an earthquake, if you are inside:

52. Earthquake, Blast And Impact: Measurement And Effects Of Vibration
    earthquake, Blast and Impact measurement and Effects of Vibration,Seced,Spon,Societyfor earthquake Civil Engineeri.  
    http://www.civilbookstore.com/index/book/1851667059.html
    
    Extractions: Home Calculators Handhelds Software ... Tools The lowest priced and most extensive civil engineering bookstore on the Internet. View Cart Home Help About Us Keyword Author ISBN Advanced Search Architectural Engineering Bridge Engineering Construction ... Transportation Engineering Enter your Name and E-mail address below to receive our monthly civil engineering newsletter. Name: E-mail: Earthquake, Blast and Impact: Measurement and Effects of Vibration Author(s): Seced Spon

53. Earthquake Intensity
    This method can be used by seismologists all over the world who can come up witha magnitude measurement within minutes of the earthquake being recorded.  
    http://www.em.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Geolsurv/Surficial/quake/eq2.htm
    
    Extractions: Where do earthquakes occur? How big are earthquakes? The size of an earthquake can be measured in two ways. The intensity measures the destructiveness of the quake while the magnitude measures the energy released by the quake. The intensity of an earthquake is a measure of the destructive effects of the quake at the surface. It is measured on an arbitrary scale of 12 degrees modified from an original scale devised by the Italian seismologist Giuseppe Mercalli. The scale uses information supplied by people living in the area of the quake. The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale Intensity Description Characteristic effects I Instrumental Not felt by people, only detected by seismographs. II Feeble Felt only by a few people at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings. Delicately suspended objects may swing. III Slight Felt noticeably indoors; like the vibrations due to a passing truck. Standing motor cars may rock slightly.

54. Demo #7: Earthquake Location
    the class into groups of three or four students each, with one earthquake per group Swave arrival (they can use the string to transfer this measurement to the  
    http://www.geol.binghamton.edu/faculty/barker/demos/demo7.html
    
    Extractions: Purpose: Demonstrates earthquake location using triangulation on a globe. Supplies: Seismograms (at least three), travel-time curves, string, globe Background and Demonstration: Since P waves travel faster than S waves, the time difference between the arrival of the P wave and the arrival of the S wave depends on the distance the waves traveled from the source (earthquake) to the station (seismograph). Over time, many such measurements have been made, and travel-time curves (time vs. distance plots for P, S and other more complicated waves) have been developed for the Earth. If an earthquake occurred a given distance from a station, it could have been anywhere on a circle whose radius is that distance, centered on the station. If distances from two stations are known, two locations are possible: the two intersection points of two circles. If distances from three stations are known, the earthquake can be unambiguously located. This is the principle of triangulation. Earthquake location through triangulation is often demonstrated on a map. However, unless the earthquake and station locations are chosen very carefully, the map projection distorts distances and the directions the waves have traveled. This can raise more questions than it answers. Therefore I suggest using a globe. Also, if a source of current seismograms is available (see below), students really enjoy the sense of discovery of locating an earthquake of current interest.

55. Alan L. Jones
    Instrumentation measurement, IM21, 11 Jones, Richard H., Alan L. Jones (2004) TestingSkill in earthquake Predictions, Seismological Research Letters, 74, 753  
    http://www.geol.binghamton.edu/faculty/jones/jones.html
    
    Extractions: Contents Publications B.S. Engineering Sciences, Penn State, 1958 M.S. Engineering Mechanics, Penn State, 1960. Ph.D. Engineering Sciences, Purdue, 1964. Thesis: Wave propagation in optical fibers. After finishing my degree at Purdue University in November 1963, I joined IBM at the Glendale Development Laboratory in Endicott New York. During my 26 years with IBM I worked on: IBM Blood Cell Separator and IBM Blood Cell Processor. Co-author of IBM's APL graphics offering known as GRAPHPAK Device attachment Computer packaging When I took an early retirement in 1990 from IBM I joined the staff at the State University of New York at Binghamton working with Francis Wu and Jeff Barker. Seismic/Eruption: A program for the visualization of seismicity and volcanic activity in space and time.

56. Measurement Of Topographic Variation By Hyogo-Nanbu Earthquake With JERS 1STAR I
    ACRS 1995 Mapping from Space; measurement of Topographic variationby HyogoNanbu earthquake with JERS 1STAR Interferometry.  
    http://www.gisdevelopment.net/aars/acrs/1995/ts3/ts3002.shtml
    
    Extractions: The purpose of this study is to know the availability of the interferometric SAR for the deformation of topographic surface, by the earthquake with JERS-1 SAR data. Because, it can be very useful information for the study of active geological structure. In addition, it is also possible to apply for the natural disaster focusing such as landslide, volcanic hazards, etc.

57. Earthquake Damages Neighboring Fault, UCLA And USC Scientists Report
    four measurements from the five years before the Hector Mine earthquake that revealedprogressive recovery each time stronger than the previous measurement.  
    http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/02/030203071747.htm
    
    Extractions: Source University Of California - Los Angeles Date Print this page Email to friend The 1999 magnitude 7.1 Hector Mine earthquake, in the Mojave Desert near Los Angeles, damaged the fault that broke in the 7.3 magnitude Landers earthquake seven years earlier, report John Vidale, UCLA professor of earth and space sciences, and USC seismologist Yong-Gang Li, in the Jan. 30 issue of the journal Nature. Earthquake Studies: Fault Moving Faster Than Believed Hidden, Quake-Prone Fault Confirmed Under Los Angeles

58. Macroseismic Methods
    This is a measurement, or rather a classification, of the strength of shaking ofan earthquake at a particular place, based on the observations made of the  
    http://www.quakes.bgs.ac.uk/hazard/macmeth.htm
    
    Extractions: The fundamental concept in macroseismology is earthquake intensity . This is a measurement, or rather a classification, of the strength of shaking of an earthquake at a particular place, based on the observations made of the different effects. The procedure is very similar to that for measuring wind strength with the Beaufort Scale. An intensity scale provides a series of idealised descriptions of the effects of an earthquake, starting with the very weakest (the shaking is imperceptible) up to the very strongest (everything is totally destroyed). The seismologist collects observations from ordinary people and attempts to match them to the descriptions in the intensity scale. If the effects from a certain place best match the description for degree 5 of the scale, then intensity 5 is assigned for that place. It's simple, low-tech, and surprisingly effective. The stages of a macroseismic investigation are something like this: (i) The earthquake happens. The seismologist quickly tries to get an estimate of the total area likely to have been affected by the earthquake. This may be estimated from the size (magnitude) of the earthquake, or from information received via telephone calls from the public and from police. (ii) The seismologist collects information from this area, usually by distributing a questionnaire that covers all the most important types of information he wants to get, eg, was there damage? If so, how bad was it? The questionnaire may be sent by post to selected individuals, or to schools, or public officials, or distributed by hand, or published in a newspaper - the method varies from country to country.

59. 1994 Building Publications - Full-Scale Measurement Of Building Response To Ambi
    FullScale measurement of Building Response to Ambient Vibration andthe Loma Prieta earthquake. Full-Scale measurement of Building  
    http://fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build94/art001.html
    
    Extractions: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. Earthquake Awareness and Mitigation Across the Nation. U.S. National Conference, Fifth (5th). Proceedings. Volume 2. July 10-14, 1994, Chicago, IL, 661-670 pp, 1994. earthquakes; vibration; data analysis; high rise buildings; office buildings; commercial buildings Building and Fire Research Laboratory

60. USGS Earthquake Hazards Program-FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions
    can be estimated from seismograms (and also from geodetic measurements). The momentis then converted into a number similar to other earthquake magnitudes by a  
    http://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/meas.html
    
    Extractions: A: Earthquakes are recorded by a seismographic network. Each seismic station in the network measures the movement of the ground at the site. The slip of block of rock over another in an EQ releases energy that makes the ground vibrate. That vibration pushes the adjoining piece of ground and cause it to vibrate and thus the energy travel out from the EQ in a wave. There are many different ways to measure different aspects of an earthquake. Magnitude is the most common measure of an earthquake's size. It is a measure of the size of the earthquake source and is the same number no matter where you are or what the shaking feels like. The Richter scale measures the largest wiggle on the recording, but other magnitude scales measure different parts of the earthquake.

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