Seeds Of Change By Barbara Stauffer In The New World (Spring introduced to America by European explorers and settlers but it wiped out entire populationsin the new world. Another advantage the conquistadors had in their http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/STAUFFR1.ART
Extractions: "Seeds of Change" by Barbara Stauffer in The New World (Spring/Summer 1991, No. 2, pp. 6-7) The voyages of Columbus set into motion 500 years of biological exchanges that have had a profound impact on cultural customs, societal structures and economic systems around the globe. The National Museum of Natural History's Quincentenary exhibition, "Seeds of Change," examines these biological exchanges by focusing on five singularly powerful agents of changenamely, corn, the potato, sugar, the horse and disease. Transplanted either to or from America, each of these agents dramatically and lastingly transformed our world. Consider, for example, the potato. This nutrient-rich tuber, which has more than a thousand known varieties, originated in the Andes (now Peru, Bolivia and Chile). The earliest evidence of potato cultivation dates from approximately 6,000 B.C., and it was widely known and cultivated in the Inca Empire at the time Columbus reached the new world. Explorers brought it back to Europe in the late-16th century, where its strange shape and odd flavor met with mixed reaction. It was first considered poisonous and then hailed as an aphrodisiac. But eventually, the potato's considerable virtues (such as its adaptability to wide ranges in altitude and climate, high yield per acre planted, and high nutritional value) won over skeptics, and it became a staple in diets from Ireland to the Philippines. Corn, whose roots are deeply embedded in the ancient sociocultural systems of the Americas, has also had a major impact on the modern world's food supply. The maize plant is native to the highlands of central Mexico, yet by the time of the Spanish conquistadors, hundreds of varieties of corn were cultivated all over America, from Canada to Chile. When Cortez arrived in Tenochtitlan, the heart of the Aztec empire, he found a highly sophisticated society that placed great importance on corn. Corn was not only the main source of carbohydrates for the Aztecs, it was also central in their religion and mythology, figuring prominently in their ceremonies, ceramics and paintings. In contrast to agricultural products, disease is an often unrecognized biological agent of change; but its effect can be just as profound. For example, Africa, Asia and Europe experienced a population explosion due to the introduction of new world crops like corn and the potato, while the new world's native populations suffered decimation from an alarming array of old world diseases. Some of the first diseases introduced to America by European explorers and settlers, notably smallpox and diphtheria, had a truly devastating effect on the Indians. The new world, in its isolation, had evolved relatively few diseases compared to the old world; and native populations, like the Incas and Aztecs, had developed highly sophisticated medicines and customs, even surgical techniques, to cope with these ills. But with no exposure and hence no immunity to Europeans' germs, the Indians could not cope with the onslaught of the new diseases. In the 16th century, for example, smallpox no longer reached epidemic proportions in Europe, but it wiped out entire populations in the new world. Another advantage the conquistadors had in their invasion of the new world empires was the horse. Not only did they enjoy a distinct military advantage mounted on their powerful steeds, but the native Americans were terrified of these beasts which were larger than any indigenous animal in the new world. Nevertheless, the American Indians soon learned to tame the wild horses that came to roam the North and South American plains, and they turned that to their own advantage in their conflicts with Spanish, Portuguese and other settlers. The gauchos of the Argentine pampas grew out of the native Americans' quick mastery of horses and horsemanship, and their distinctive culture is a striking example of the rich cultural blends which evolved from the mixture of Spanish and native American peoples. By the mid-16th century, the horse had reached North America and was rapidly adopted by the native Americans. The fifth "seed of change" is a plant originally cultivated in Southeast Asia approximately eight thousand years ago, sugarcane. In Columbus' time, sugarcane was being cultivated by the Spanish and Portuguese in limited quantities on their East Atlantic islands, the Canaries and Azores; so it was natural for Columbus on his second voyage in 1493 to carry the plant with him to the newly discovered islands on the western side of the Atlantic. In doing so, Columbus initiated five centuries of exploitation, as the Caribbean isles came to be known as the "Sugar Islands." The five agents of change featured in the Smithsonian's Seeds of Change project vividly illustrate many of the critical issues and dynamic processes that arose from the encounter of the old and new worlds. The new world was a rich source of food products, such as corn and the potato, that were successfully adopted by the old world. This contributed to a population explosion in the old world which, in turn, led to increased pressure for people to emigrate to the new world. At the same time, old world diseases, in combination with European political, religious and socioeconomic factors, led to the conquest and destruction of many new world peoples and sociocultural systems. Subsequently, the European settlers brought with them many biological elements, such as the horse and sugarcane, which led to dramatic cultural, socioeconomic and ethnic composition changes in the new world. The Seeds of Change exhibition does not seek to mitigate the dark side to the encounter between the old and new worlds, but neither does it deny that some good came from the experience as well. Above all, the exhibition attempts to enhance our understanding of how today's world was shaped by the biological changes that resulted from Columbus' arrival in the new world. Seeds of Change emphasizes the point that we live in an interconnected world where isolation is no longer possible. By the same token, it reminds us that, like the explorers and settlers of the past 500 years, the choices we make today will have significant consequences in the future. Reprint permission granted by publisher. STAUFFR1 ART
Encyclopedia: Conquistador term used to refer to the soldiers, explorers, and adventurers out to conquer andevangelize this new world Many of the conquistadors were poor nobles (hidalgos http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Conquistador
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:: Ez2Find :: Explorers URL http//www.pbs.org/conquistadors/; Discoverers Web Station Site Info - Translate- Open new Window Kids of articles based on world Book Encyclopedia http://ez2find.com/cgi-bin/directory/meta/search.pl/Kids_and_Teens/People_and_So
Extractions: Any Language English Afrikaans Arabic Bahasa Melayu Belarusian Bulgarian Catala Chinese Simplified Chinese Traditional Cymraeg Czech Dansk Deutsch Eesti Espanol Euskara Faroese Francais Frysk Galego Greek Hebrew Hrvatski Indonesia Islenska Italiano Japanese Korean Latvian Lietuviu Lingua Latina Magyar Netherlands Norsk Polska Portugues Romana Russian Shqip Slovensko Slovensky Srpski Suomi Svenska Thai Turkce Ukrainian Vietnamese Mode Guides Explorers Web Sites Alonso de Ojeda [Site Info] [Translate] [Open New Window] Australian Explorers [Site Info] [Translate] [Open New Window] [ Kids ] - Provides detailed accounts of men who explored and mapped the continent of Australia. Designed especially for elementary school students. URL: http://www.davidreilly.com/australian_explorers/
Lesson Guide For 3341V the routes and dangers faced by explorers. initially lacked interest in exploringthe new world. What resources attracted European conquistadors and settlers http://www.cfv.org/guides98/guide3356.htm
Extractions: Within 100 years, the Aztec, Incan, and loosely knit Caribbean civilizations were virtually destroyed by Spanish conquistadors. Summarizes the voyages of Columbus, Vespucci, Balboa, and Magellan, which led to European settlements in Central and South America. Reenactments and illustrations enhance the brief histories of the Aztecs and Incas and the conquering methods used by Cortez and Pizarro. Disease and weapons ultimately destroyed these advanced civilizations. ACADEMIC STANDARDS Subject Area: World History Standard: Understands how the transoceanic interlinking of all major regions of the world between 1450 and 1600 led to global transformations. Benchmark: Understands the consequences of the spread of disease globally and regionally (e.g., which diseases spread through colonization and exploration in the 16 th and 17 th centuries, how they were spread, and the effects of these diseases on individual societies, world trade, political expansion, and political control; fundamental plantation systems brought to the New World and how these may be connected to the spread of disease on the continents). ( See Instructional Goal 3.
Social Studies School Service Search Our Catalog and the consequences for both the new world and the reflect the European view of theworld in 1490 between the Aztec civilization and the Spanish conquistadors. http://www.socialstudies.com/c/@0/Pages/product.html?record@TF16665 af@ep
The Andean Explorers Foundation & Ocean Sailing Club Jean Descola; Viking Press, 1957. conquistadors Without Swords TimeLife Books, 1991.The new world Warwick M Portrait of an Explorer Alfred Bingham. The Quest for http://www.aefosc.org/newsite/index.php?con=genesavoy_featured
Latin American Novels Of The Conquest: Reinventing The New World Latin American Novels of the Conquest. Reinventing the new world. Kimberle S. López. Thefictionalized explorers and conquistadors represented in this corpus http://www.umsystem.edu/upress/spring2002/lopez.htm
Extractions: As the quincentenary of Columbus's first voyage was approaching, Latin American authors vied to finish novels rewriting the conquest in order to have them published in the years surrounding 1992. Surprisingly, few of these novels attempted to reconstruct the indigenous perspective on this historical moment, focusing instead on representing the European conquerors. In Latin American Novels of the Conquest El entenado; Abel Posse's El largo atardecer del caminante; and Homero Aridjis's and Memorias del Nuevo Mundo. She utilizes these books to explore how their authors represented the conquest from the fictionalized perspective of the conquistador, ultimately deconstructing the rhetoric of empire through the representation of a simultaneous fascination and aversion between the colonizer and colonized. The fictionalized explorers and conquistadors represented in this corpus all identify with certain aspects of Amerindian culture significantly, those elements that are most distinct from European culture, such as cannibalism and human sacrificebut also feel the need to distance themselves from these "others" in order to protect their own European cultural identity. In most cases, the conquistadors themselves are represented as outsiders within the enterprise of imperialism, due to ethnic, religious, or sexual differences from the norm. This representation turns the gaze inward toward the "other" within European culture, underscoring the complex origins of Latin American cultures in the violent encounter between the Amerindians and the conquistadors.
Education World ® - Curriculum: Across The Sea: Europeans Explore The New World Looking for information and activities about the intrepid adventurers who first voyaged to the new world? Check out these Internet sites and help your students explore the earliest explorers. new http://www.education-world.com/a_curr/curr095.shtml
Extractions: Across the Sea: Europeans Explore the New World Looking for information and activities about the intrepid adventurers who first voyaged to the New World? Check out these Internet sites and help your students explore the earliest explorers. WHY, OH WHY, EXPLORE THE EXPLORERS? Begin your voyage with a visit to Explorers of the World , part of the Bellingham (Washington) Schools' Web site, which asks the question "What kinds of people chose a life of exploration, challenge, and discovery?" Click on the question and then share with your students the 10 Characteristics of the Achieving Personality that comprise the answer. How many of those characteristics focus, preparedness, conviction, perseverance, creativity, curiosity, resilience, risk taking, independence, and a sense of higher purpose did the early explorers exhibit? How many of those traits are shared by your students? They'll be fascinated, and hopefully inspired, as they find out. This site also provides information about some early European explorers. Click Land to find that information.
The Spanish Come To The New World The Spanish Come to the new world. northern Mexico and into what is now Arizona, newMexico, and Texas. In 1523 Pizarro led an expedition to explore and conquer http://www.mce.k12tn.net/explorers/spanishexplorers.htm
Extractions: Balboa led an expedition across Panama looking for gold, but discovered the Pacific Ocean instead. It took 24 days for his group of 190 Spaniards and 1000 natives to cross the 45 miles of jungle. On September 29, 1513 they reached the Pacific Ocean and claimed all the land that touched the Pacific Ocean for Spain. Back to Chart Hernando Cortez Cortez was a young Spaniard who went to Cuba to find his fortune. He heard stories of gold in Mexico and South America. In 1519 Cortez left Cuba to find this gold. With 300 Aztecs to every one of Cortez's men the Spanish fought. After 3 battles the Indians gave up. They could not complete against the guns and horses. The Spaniards also wore metal armor. More than this the Indians were afraid of the "god-like" warriors. On November 8, 1519 Cortez reached Mexico City and was received by Montezuma, the Aztec emperor. Cortez captured Montezuma and began to rule the empire through him. The Spaniards made the Aztecs work in the mines looking for gold and silver. This gold and silver was shipped back to Spain. Back to Chart Francisco Coronado Coronado commanded an expedition which left from western Mexico in 1540. He was searching for the Seven Golden Cities of Cibola. Coronado rode through northern Mexico and into what is now Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. Coronado did not find any golden cities, but discovered the Pueblo Indians. Coronado was upset at not finding the cities of gold. He sent his men off in different directions with orders to find them. His men found the Grand Canyon instead. Coronado would not give up. He marched his army east. There he found the buffalo and grassy plains, but no cities of gold. Coronado claimed all the land over which he and his men had traveled in the name of Spain.
Modern History Sourcebook: Biographic Sources On Spaniards In The New World, 16t Modern History Sourcebook Biographic Sources On Spaniards In The new world, 16th17th Centuries. Petitions for Jobs And Money. A huge amount of information on individual Spanish settlers in the new http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/17C-spanishbios.html
Extractions: Biographic Sources On Spaniards In The New World, 16th-17th Centuries Petitions for Jobs And Money A huge amount of information on individual Spanish settlers in the New world is available. Much comes from petitions - Probanzas de Servicios y Writos -for jobs sent to the king and Council of the Indies. As well as such petitions hundred of autobiographies by church men of the period survive - e.g. at least 355 from 1607 to 1809 in the archdiocesan archive. All this makes possible a social history of Spanish settlement. True Reports Concerning Persons Who Took Part in the Conquest of New Spain and the City of Mexico, Who Went Thither with the Marquis del Valle JUAN XARAMILLO, DECEASED He says that he is a resident of this city and a native of Villanueva de Balcarrota, son of Alonzo Xaramillo and Mencia de Matos. His father served his Majesty in the conquests of Tierra Firme and La Española; he himself went to New Spain with the Marqués del Valle [Cortés], and was present at the taking of this city. He also took part in the conquests of New Spain and its provinces, as he declares, and in those of the Rio de Grijalva, Oaxaca, Pánuco, and Honduras. In remuneration of his services he was given in encomienda the town of Xilotepec. He is in debt and ruined; is married, has his home established, his arms, many horses, and a family. . . .
BBC - History - The Story Of The Conquistadors The Story of the conquistadors. the Atlantic seaboard and their offshoots in the NewWorld. continent involved unparalleled journeys of exploration with almost http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/discovery/exploration/conquistadors_02.shtml
Extractions: Print entire article Colombian exchange The long-term effects of the Conquest are no less fascinating. The 'Columbian Exchange' as modern historians call it, brought the potato, the pineapple, the turkey, dahlias, sunflowers, magnolias, maize, chillies and chocolate across the Atlantic. On the other hand, tens of millions died in the pandemics of the 16th century, victims of smallpox, measles and the other diseases brought by Europeans (and don't forget that the African slave trade was begun by the Europeans, to replace the work force they had decimated). Then, after the defeat and extermination of the native societies, came the arrival of the European settler class and the appropriation of the native lands and natural resources. From this process has emerged the modern US empire. The effects on the economies of the world were no less marked as it shifted the centre of gravity of civilisation to the countries of the Atlantic seaboard and their offshoots in the New World. However, the story is also one of history's greatest adventures. The opening up of the continent involved unparalleled journeys of exploration with almost unbelievable bravery, endurance, cruelty and greed. For instance, Almagro's 6,000km expedition to explore the wastes of Chile, or de Soto's fateful three-year march through a dozen US states - a tale only now being untangled by US historians. Then there are the extraordinary explorations across the Andes, deep into Venezuela and Colombia in the 1530s, journeys which gave birth to the alluring legend of El Dorado. It was the dream of El Dorado that fired Gonzalo Pizarro's 18-month expedition across the Ecuadorian Andes: 'the worst journey ever in the Indies', it was said. However, it led by accident to the discovery and descent of the Amazon. When all is said and done, it is no exaggeration to say that these are some of the greatest land explorations in history.
Religion In Columbia - Christian Conquest and sought to maintain the new world colonies as a became presentday Colombia, theconquistadors explored and began The first explorers to round the coast of http://atheism.about.com/library/world/AJ/bl_ColumbiaConquest.htm?iam=savvy&term
Explorer.html American Conquest Covers the conquistadors Canada Hall explorers ships in the NewWorld Evolution of to Christopher Columbus 1492 exploration of Christopher http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/FlorisES/teachers/sixthextra/langsocstud/explorer.html
P B S : C O N Q U I S T A D O R S - R E S O U R C E S Gold Fever The conquistadors quest for gold wasn t the last gold rush in the Newworld. Lewis Clark Enter the world of Lewis, Clark and the rest of the http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/resources.html
Explorers - MMSD Electronic Library conquistadors Follows the Spanish conquistadors exploration of the NewWorld from 1500 to 1550 and their contact with Native Americans. http://www.madison.k12.wi.us/elib/elib.cgi?cat=13;o=alpha
