1. The Particle- And Astro-Physics Of Dark Matter The Particle and astro-physics of dark matter We review some recent determinations of the amount of dark matter on galactic, cluster, and large scales, noting some puzzles and their possible http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://citebase.eprints.org/cgi-bin/citations?i

2. The Infography About Dark Matter -- Astrophysics Search The Infography dark matter Astrophysics. Page Through The InfographyAlphabetically. Daoism dark matter Astrophysics De Stijl. http://www.infography.com/content/167446151919.html

Search The Infography: Dark Matter Astrophysics The following sources are recommended by a professor whose research specialty is astrophysics. Six Superlative Sources Through a Universe Darkly: A Cosmic Tale of Ancient Ethers, Dark Matter, and the Fate of the Universe, by Marcia Bartusiak, Harper, 1993. Chapter 5 of The Whole Shebang (A State of the Universe Report), by Timothy Ferris, Touchstone, Simon and Schuster, 1997. Dark Matter in Astro- and Particle Physics (Proceedings of DARK '96: Heidelberg, Germany, 16-20 September 1996), edited by H.V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus and Y. Ramachers, Singapore and River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 1997. Galactic Astronomy, by James Binney and Michael Merrifield, Princeton University Press, 1998. Supersymmtric Dark Matter, by Jungman, Kamionkowski, and Griest, Physics Reports, 267, 195 (1996). Dark Matter, by K. Ashman, Proceedings of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 104, 110 (1992). Science Magazine Published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Your source for scientific research and discovery. www.sciencemag.org Other Excellent Sources Modern Astrophysics, by Carroll and Ostlie, Addison-Wesley, 1996.

3. CFHT Gives First Glimpse Of Dark Matter Distribution CFHT Gives First Glimpse of dark matter Distribution. More images here. Table of contents. Press release. Further scientific description. Images and captions. In depth technical description. Scientific team. Contact Information server for research papers (``astroph'') where the technical 8 Dept. of Physics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/News/Lensing

CFHT Gives First Glimpse of Dark Matter Distribution More images here Table of contents Press release Further scientific description Images and captions In depth technical description ... Wide-field imaging at CFHT Press release Kamuela, Hawaii, March 7, 2000 An international team of astronomers based in France has obtained the first-ever glimpse of the distribution of dark matter over a large section of sky. The team used images from the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope's high-resolution wide-field imaging camera to analyze the light of 200,000 distant galaxies, looking for distortions caused by intervening dark matter. The results give cosmologists their first clear window into the possible roles of dark matter in the evolution of the Universe. The 13-member team, headed by Dr. Yannick Mellier of the Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris and the Observatoire de Paris, drew on a wide range of expertise, including cosmology, astrophysics, statistics, data analysis and instrument technology by bringing together researchers from France, Germany, Canada and the United States. The nature of dark matter is one of the greatest unsolved mysteries of modern science. While dark matter makes up at least 90% of the mass of the Universe, both its composition and its distribution are unknown. Knowledge of dark matter is, however, critical to understanding the evolution and fate of the Universe.

4. Buy Dark Matter In Astro- And Particle Physics By R. D.Viollier At dark matter in Astro And Particle Physics by R. D.Viollier in Hardcover. ISBN 354044257X. http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://na.link.decdna.net/n/3532/4200/www.walma

5. ScienceDaily -- Browse Topics: Science/Physics/Particle/Astro_Particle/Dark_Matt ! SUMMARY UK search for Galactic WIMP dark matter. dark matter, Cosmology, and LargeScale Structure of the Universe http://www.sciencedaily.com/directory/Science/Physics/Particle/Astro_Particle/Da

Match: sort by: relevance date Free Services Subscribe by email RSS newsfeeds PDA-friendly format loc="/images/" A A A Find Jobs In: Healthcare Engineering Accounting College Contract / Freelance Customer Service Diversity Engineering Executive Healthcare Hospitality Human Resources Information Tech International Manufacturing Nonprofit Retail All Jobs by Job Type All Jobs by Industry Relocating? Visit: Moving Resources Moving Companies Mortgage Information Mortgage Calculator Real Estate Lookup Front Page Today's Digest Week in Review Email Updates ... Astro Particle Dark Matter (24 links) See Also: Science: Astronomy: Cosmology News about Dark Matter Chess Masters Are Quick On The Trigger (June 2, 2004) full story Gene At Root Of Urban Air Pollution's Lung Effects (June 1, 2004) full story Scientists Discover Undersea Volcano Off Antarctica (May 31, 2004) full story Geophysicist Discovers Why Earth 'Wobbles' (May 20, 2004) full story Chandra Opens New Line Of Investigation On Dark Energy (May 19, 2004) full story [ More news about Dark Matter Books about Dark Matter Amazon.com's Price:

6. Ask A High-Energy Astronomer: Dark Matter questions unrelated to high energy astrophysics. Special Guidelines for Teachers.Ask your question about dark matter here, if it isn t excluded by the above http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/dark_matter.html

Imagine Home Ask A High Energy Astronomer Current page Cosmology Milky Way and other Galaxies Resources for this Topic Explore the science of dark matter The Dark Matter Mystery Dark Matter Tutorial Library of Past Questions Dark Matter First time visitors: Please be sure to read our main page Check out the resource links. These are the sites we often point to in answering your questions. Browse through the library of questions below. Also try our Ask a High-Energy Astronomer Search Engine! If your question is still not answered, follow the link at the bottom of this page Library of Past Questions and Answers Dark Matter and Dark Energy What is dark energy, and what is dark matter? Could virtual WIMPS be the Dark Matter? Dark Matter What areas are at the forefront of Milky Way Studies? Can you tell me how dark matter affects galactic spin? Has there been any research with empirical results proving the existence of 'Dark Matter' Could the missing mass be around as energy from the Big Bang? ... Could mini-blackholes from the Big Bang be what Dark Matter is? Do you have a question that isn't answered in our archive? We do not answer homework questions.

7. [astro-ph/9411038] The Particle- And Astro-Physics Of Dark Matter Imperial College Astrophysics Galactic dark matter Search The axion is also a viable dark matter candidate. A Gravitational Physics Sectionhas been incorporated into the Joint EAS/EPSAstrophysics Division. http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9411038

Astrophysics, abstract astro-ph/9411038 From: [ view email ] (Kim Griest) Date: Wed, 9 Nov 94 11:27:33 PST (25kb) The Particle- and Astro-Physics of Dark Matter Author: Kim Griest Comments: Plenary review talk at Snowmass 94 (Particle and Nuclear Astrophysics and Cosmology in the Next Millennium, June 1994.), 13 pages (tex, phyzzx macro package included) Report-no: UCSD/PTH 94-20 We review some recent determinations of the amount of dark matter on galactic, cluster, and large scales, noting some puzzles and their possible resolutions. We discuss the interpretation of big bang nucleosynthesis for dark matter, and then review the motivation for and basic physics of several dark matter candidates, including Machos, Wimps, axions, and neutrinos. Finally, we discuss how the uncertainty in the models of the Milky Way dark halo will affect the dark matter detection experiments. Full-text: PostScript PDF , or Other formats References and citations for this submission: SLAC-SPIRES HEP (refers to , cited by , arXiv reformatted); CiteBase (autonomous citation navigation and analysis) Which authors of this paper are endorsers?

8. Dark Matter In Astro- And Particle Physics: Third International Conference, Held dark matter In Astro And Particle Physics Third International Conference, Held In Heidelberg, Germany, 10-14 July 2000 Author Other Klapdor-Kleingrothaus, H. V. http://www.netstoreusa.com/sabooks/354/3540417974.shtml

Dark Matter In Astro- And Particle Physics: Third International Conference, Held In Heidelberg, Germany, 10-14 July 2000 English Books German Books Spanish Books Sheet Music ... NEW RELEASES Dark Matter In Astro- And Particle Physics: Third International Conference, Held In Heidelberg, Germany, 10-14 July 2000 Author: Other Klapdor-Kleingrothaus, H. V. Physics and Astronomy Online Library; Hardback; Book 764 pages Published: August 2001 ISBN: 3540417974 This item non-returnable. Order may not be canceled. Dark matter has become one of the most exciting and central fields of astrophysics, particle physics and cosmology. The lectures and talks in these proceedings emphasize equally the experimental and theoretical perspectives of the ongoing search for dark matter in the universe. PRODUCT CODE: 3540417974 USA/Canada: US$ 431.30 Australia/NZ: A$ 405.00 Other Countries: US$ 469.30 convert to your currency Delivery costs included if your total order exceeds US$50. We do not charge your credit card until we ship your order. Government and corporate Purchase Orders accepted without prior account application.

9. Imperial College Astrophysics: Teaching dark matter and Neutrino Astrophysics. Staff contactsTim Sumner, IgorLiubarsky. Search for Galactic dark matter. Evidence continues http://astro.imperial.ac.uk/Teaching/Postgrad/particleastro.html

home research people contact ... Selected References Dark Matter and Neutrino Astrophysics Staff contacts:Tim Sumner, Igor Liubarsky Search for Galactic dark matter m day This work is well funded at ICSTM with a 4-year rolling grant in place, with a team of about 8 people involved. PhD opportunities exist in both data analysis and detector development. The possible projects are very much instrument biased although there is some freedom to explore also relevant astrophysical aspects. To learn more look at the UK Dark Matter Search site Neutrino Astronomy The Antarctic Muon Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA), located at the South Pole is currently the largest operating detector of neutrinos in the world. The detector is scheduled for expansion (IceCube) towards instrumentation of 1km of Antarctic ice. AMANDA has been collecting data since 1990. There are opportunities for AMANDA data analysis as well as preparatory work for IceCube. Of particular interest is the investigation of cataclysmic events that would produce neutrino emission as well as Gravitational Waves (see later section). Possible sources of such emissions could be the coalescence of blackhole-companion systems or collapsing supermassive stars. Both of these have been postulated as possible candidates to explain Gamma Ray Bursts (GRB). Figure 1: New year at the South Pole after another successful deployment.

10. Dark Matter In Astro- And Particle Physics; Author: Klapdor-Kleingrothaus, H. V. dark matter In Astro And Particle Physics Author Klapdor-Kleingrothaus, H. V.; Editor Ramachers, Y. http://www.netstoreusa.com/sabooks/981/9810230753.shtml

Dark Matter In Astro- And Particle Physics English Books German Books Spanish Books Sheet Music ... NEW RELEASES Dark Matter In Astro- And Particle Physics Author: Klapdor-Kleingrothaus, H. V.; Editor: Ramachers, Y. Hardback; Book 756 pages Published: November 1997 World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd ISBN: 9810230753 This item non-returnable. Order may not be canceled. Looking at the subject of dark matter, this volume offers and discusses the talks presented at DARK '96. The lectures range from astronomical evidence in galaxies and galaxy clusters to early universe and particle physics solutions to the dark matter problem. PRODUCT CODE: 9810230753 USA/Canada: US$ 259.90 Australia/NZ: A$ 334.95 Other Countries: US$ 284.20 convert to your currency Delivery costs included if your total order exceeds US$50. We do not charge your credit card until we ship your order. Government and corporate Purchase Orders accepted without prior account application. PLACE AN ORDER To prepare to buy this item click "add to cart" above. You can change or abandon your shopping cart at any time before checkout. CHECK ORDER STATUS Check on order progress and dispatch.

11. Astrophysics Challenged By Dark Energy Finding of dark energy, normal matter and dark matter (an invisible exotic form of matter). otherscientists, the new finding holds promise for astrophysics. http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/generalscience/darkenergy_folo_010410.html

SEARCH: Hubble Space Telescope advertisement Astrophysics Challenged By Dark Energy Finding By Ray Villard Special to SPACE.com And Robin Lloyd Science Editor posted: 07:00 am ET 10 April 2001 A strange repulsive force of "dark energy" pervades every nook and cranny of the universe, a team of scientists said earlier this month , but the force not only pushes against the master force of gravity it also has astrophysicists' heads spinning. While gravity gently binds planets, stars and galaxies together, dark energy tugs on the fabric of time and space, pushing galaxies apart ever faster and faster into the farthest reaches of the universe. The evidence came in a recent Hubble space telescope observation of the most distant supernova (exploding star) ever detected. The record-breaking supernova appears brighter than it should if the universe had been expanding at a steady rate. The new finding suggests that a decelerating universe holds galaxies relatively close together and objects in them would have appeared brighter because they would be closer. Images This chart shows how much of the universe is made up of dark energy, dark matter, and ordinary matter.

12. Dark Matter In Astrophysics And Particle Physics 1998: Proceedings Of The Second dark matter in Astrophysics and Particle Physics 1998 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on dark matter in Astro and Particle Physics, held in Heidelberg, Germany, 2025 July 1998 http://www.bookmarkphysics.iop.org/bookpge.htm?ID=619959639-18896-45697021-A&

13. Springer-Verlag - EPJC Direct PS13 Particle Astrophysics (dark matter) EPS 2003 High Energy Physics(HEP) conference PS 13-01 - Review of recent progress in http://www.springeronline.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,10735,5-40213-12-102588-0,00.h

Please enable Javascript in your browser to browse this website. Select your subdiscipline Atoms, Molecules, Clusters Biophysics Condensed Matter Geophysics Mathematical Physics Quantum Physics Home EPJC direct Select a discipline Biomedical Sciences Chemistry Computer Science Engineering Environmental Sciences Geosciences Law Life Sciences Materials Mathematics Medicine Statistics preloadImage('/sgw/cda/pageitems/designobject/cda_displaydesignobject/0,10885,5-0-17-900120-0,00.gif'); preloadImage('/sgw/cda/pageitems/designobject/cda_displaydesignobject/0,10885,5-0-17-900180-0,00.gif'); preloadImage('/sgw/cda/pageitems/designobject/cda_displaydesignobject/0,10885,5-0-17-900170-0,00.gif'); preloadImage('/sgw/cda/pageitems/designobject/cda_displaydesignobject/0,10885,5-0-17-900190-0,00.gif'); preloadImage('/sgw/cda/pageitems/designobject/cda_displaydesignobject/0,10885,5-0-17-900200-0,00.gif'); preloadImage('/sgw/cda/pageitems/designobject/cda_displaydesignobject/0,10885,5-0-17-900160-0,00.gif'); All Author/Editor Title ISBN/ISSN Series preloadImage('/sgw/cda/pageitems/designobject/cda_displaydesignobject/0,10885,5-0-17-900050-0,00.gif');

14. Springer-Verlag - EPJC Direct All, Go, Advanced Search. PS13 Particle Astrophysics (dark matter) EPS 2003 High Energy Physics (HEP) conference http://www.springeronline.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,10735,4-40213-12-102588-0,00.h

Please enable Javascript in your browser to browse this website. Select your subdiscipline Atoms, Molecules, Clusters Biophysics Condensed Matter Geophysics Nonlinear Physics Quantum Physics Home EPJC direct Select a discipline Biomedical Sciences Chemistry Computer Science Engineering Environmental Sciences Geosciences Law Life Sciences Materials Mathematics Medicine Statistics preloadImage('/sgw/cda/pageitems/designobject/cda_displaydesignobject/0,10885,4-0-17-900120-0,00.gif'); preloadImage('/sgw/cda/pageitems/designobject/cda_displaydesignobject/0,10885,4-0-17-900180-0,00.gif'); preloadImage('/sgw/cda/pageitems/designobject/cda_displaydesignobject/0,10885,4-0-17-900170-0,00.gif'); preloadImage('/sgw/cda/pageitems/designobject/cda_displaydesignobject/0,10885,4-0-17-900190-0,00.gif'); preloadImage('/sgw/cda/pageitems/designobject/cda_displaydesignobject/0,10885,4-0-17-900200-0,00.gif'); All Author/Editor Title ISBN/ISSN Series preloadImage('/sgw/cda/pageitems/designobject/cda_displaydesignobject/0,10885,4-0-17-900050-0,00.gif'); preloadImage('/sgw/cda/pageitems/designobject/cda_displaydesignobject/0,10885,4-0-17-900070-0,00.gif');

15. Imperial College Astrophysics: Dark Matter, Gravitational Lensing, And Quasars dark matter, Gravitational Lensing, and Quasars. Our The nature ofthe dark matter in galaxies and clusters remains a mystery. The http://astro.ic.ac.uk/Research/Extragal/

home research people contact ... Damped Lyman alpha galaxies Dark Matter, Gravitational Lensing, and Quasars Our Group at Imperial College consists of: Steve Warren (Senior Lecturer), Simon Dye (PPARC Post-doctoral Fellow) and Steve Weatherley (PhD Student). We have a general interest in the problem of dark matter, trying to map the distribution and determine the nature of the dark matter in galaxies and galaxy clusters. This includes a new study of the mass of the Milky Way using remote blue horizontal branch stars as tracers of the halo potential, as well as several gravitational lensing projects. Under the latter the interests of the group include cluster lensing, microlensing in the Virgo cluster, and galaxy-galaxy lensing. Under quasars we are interested particularly in surveys in the near-ir, both for dusty quasars, and quasars of very high redshift. We are also engaged in a study with HST of the galaxies that give rise to damped Lyman alpha absorption lines seen in quasar spectra. If you would like to know more about gravitational lensing we have here three interactive gravitational lens simulations The mass of the Milky Way The total mass of the Milky Way is a fundamental but very poorly measured quantity. The dark halo evidently extends beyond 100 kpc radius, and the main source of uncertainty in the mass is the small number of objects known at large Galactocentric radii: only 23 dwarf galaxies and globular clusters beyond r=25 kpc. We are undertaking a programme of photometry and spectroscopy of faint stars in the halo to increase the number of distant tracers to 100. We are looking for remote blue horizontal branch (BHB) stars. At high Galactic latitude, BHB stars can be selected by B-V colour. BHB stars are ideal as mass tracers as they are bright (M=0.7), abundant, and are standard candles, so distances can be measured. The main problem in this work is that samples of candidate BHB stars are contaminated by blue stragglers, which are less luminous dwarf stars. Click

16. Imperial College Astrophysics: Galactic Dark Matter Search Figure 2 ZEPLIN III a new advanced two-phase dark matter detector. The solarneutrino problem is one of the long-standing major puzzles in astrophysics. http://astro.ic.ac.uk/Research/Gal_DM_Search/report.html

home research people contact ... Departmental Report Section in Departmental Annual Report 2000 Experimental Astrophysics T.J. Sumner, W.G. Jones (HEP), J.J. Quenby, G.K. Rochester, A. Bewick, A.S. Howard (HEP), I. Ivaniouchenkov, V. Lebedenko, I. Liubarsky, R. Luscher, D. Shaul per day per kg of target material. This new detector will get to 10 per day per kg, which is about two orders of magnitude better than our world competitors. In the meantime the UKDMC has just deployed a single-phase xenon instrument, ZEPLIN I, in the Boulby mine and this will use timing information in the primary pulse to provide some level of discrimination between the event types. In the longer term the UKDMC is developing direction gas chambers which will allow details study of the neutralino particle velocity distributions, hence providing direct information about the distribution of dark matter in our Galaxy. Figure 2 ZEPLIN III - a new advanced two-phase dark matter detector A project to start development work on a real-time low-threshold detector for solar neutrinos, SIREN, has just been funded. The "solar neutrino problem" is one of the long-standing major puzzles in astrophysics. The current generation of solar neutrino experiments give results which are not in agreement with advanced sophisticated solar models and are beset by complications as they are either long exposure radiochemical (with low-energy thresholds) or real-time water targets with high thresholds looking at neutrinos with different origins. Our proposal uses targets

17. The Interaction Point, January 23, 2004 Astrophysics Program Investigates dark matter By Linda DuShane White.Steve Kahn’s primary focus as Deputy Director of the Kavli http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/tip/2004/jan23/astrophysics.htm

January 23, 2004 Back to SLAC Homepage Back to TIP Homepage In this issue: FRONT PAGE SPECIAL: SPEAR3 DEDICATION The Light Shines on SPEAR3 Voices on SPEAR3 SPEAR3 Dedication Ceremony Program Illuminating Facts about SPEAR3, its Predecessors and Laboratory FEATURES Astrophysics Program Investigates Dark Matter Synchrotron Research Reveals How to Remove Uranium from Water The Many Lives of Mark II E-165 Reveals True Colors of Light ... Milestones POLICIES AND PROCEDURES New Separate Prescription Drug Benefit by Express Scripts Getting Material Safety Data Sheets from the Web Excavation Clearance Form: What is it All About? EVENTS Winter Holiday Celebration Got Kids? Don’t Miss Next WIS Presentation An International New Year Upcoming Events ABOUT TIP Staff/Contact Submission Guidelines Astrophysics Program Investigates Dark Matter By Linda DuShane White Steve Kahn’s primary focus as Deputy Director of the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (KIPAC) is to develop major new programs. "As is essential for scientific programs at SLAC, two programs have been presented to and approved by the Experimental Program Advisory Committee (EPAC) in November 2003. So we have the green light to go forward," explains Kahn. These two programs are cornerstone elements of the new Kavli experimental program. Both are in the early stages, and both involve relatively substantial programs in experimental cosmology performed at SLAC. "Both of these projects are very visible national projects that have a prominent role in U.S. programs," Kahn added.

18. Economist.com | Cosmology enough to explain the irregularities without resorting to ghostly dark matter andenergy. in a December issue of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Sebastien Vauclair http://www.economist.com/science/displayStory.cfm?story_id=2404626

19. Cosmology: Physics Of The Universe 5/22/03 Solid State Plasma - The Conventional theory of dark matter gets Potent Fromthe University of California, San Diego Center for Astrophysics Space http://physics.about.com/cs/cosmology/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help Physics Home ... Physics FAQ zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); References, Glossary Worked Problems, Examples Thermodynamics Quantum Physics ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About Physics newsletter. Search Physics Cosmology - the study of the universe Guide picks From the word "cosmos" meaning everything, cosmology is the study of the universe, often taken as a whole. Whhat shape is it? How old is it? Where is it going? These are all questions asked by cosmologists. Cosmology Frequently Asked Questions Quick questions and answers about Cosmology and the Universe What is Dark Matter? Dark matter is an important and often mentioned concept in modern cosmology - but what is it? A High Precision MAP of the Cosmic Microwave Background A High Precision MAP of the Cosmic Microwave Background brings the early universe into sharper focus. Exploring the Microwave Anisotropy allows us to measure the age and composition (matter/dark matter/dark energy) of the universe. AIP Physics News 5/22/03 - Solid State Plasma - Dark Matter AIP Physics News 5/22/03 - Solid State Plasma - The Conventional theory of Dark Matter gets Potent Support - Orca Acoustics - A space mission to the Earth's Core.

20. Dark Matter: Strong Gravitational Lensing | Astrophysics Visualization Archive | dark matter Strong Gravitational Lensing. Tony Tyson and Ayana Holloway (LucentTechnologies Bell Labs). Clumped dark matter File Format MPEG File Size 796k. http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/hp/vo/ava/avapages/U0803gravlens.html

Hayden Planetarium Virtual Observatory Digital Universe Astrophysics Visualization Archive ... Search the AVA Dark Matter: Strong Gravitational Lensing Tony Tyson and Ayana Holloway (Lucent Technologies' Bell Labs) According to the General Theory of Relativity, mass warps space-time (this is what causes gravity). When light travels through space, then, its path is bent if it passes near large concentrations of matter. Thus, massive objects in the universe can act like huge magnifying glasses, distorting and concentrating light traveling around and through them. This effect is called gravitational lensing. This movie shows how it might work in a cluster of hundreds of galaxies. Strong Gravitational Lensing When light rays from a distant source bend around both sides of a massive object and cross near Earth, the effect is called "strong gravitational lensing." Strong lensing magnifies and distorts light from the source, and in some cases also produces multiple images of the source. This movie shows a simulation of strong lensing by a massive cluster of galaxies containing huge amounts of both visible matter and "dark matter." The light distortion effects are exaggerated in the movie, but generally speaking such effects are common since rich clusters of galaxies are the largest concentrations of matter in the universe. In fact, the patterns of distortion help astronomers determine the amount of dark matter in clusters, and how that matter is spread in the cluster - both of which tell a great deal about the behavior of matter in the cosmos as a whole.

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